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Trehalose has been extensively studied in the application of fruit preservation, but little has been reported in cherry tomato preservation. The present work investigated the effects of postharvest trehalose treatment on cherry tomato spoilage rate, antioxidant capacity, and fruit quality through the application of 0.5 and 1% (w/v) trehalose. Our results indicated that trehalose treatment could reduce rot from 44.5 to 18.5%, maintain the fruit flavour and quality, and delay the decrease in antioxidant content. At 15 d postharvest, the diphenyl-picryl hydrazide (DPPH) scavenging capacity, superoxide anion (·O2-) production, and malonaldehyde (MDA) content were 78.1%, 1.04 mmol.min-1.kg-1, and 0.8 μmol.kg-1 in cherry tomato treated with 0.5% (w/v) trehalose, respectively. Trehalose-treated fruits maintained higher antioxidant capacities as compared to the control. Moreover, trehalose treatment increased the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and inhibited the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX). The expression of encoding antioxidant genes was generally upregulated under trehalose treatment. However, the expression of SlLOX gene was significantly lower during storage, at only one-tenth of the control at 9 d. In conclusion, trehalose treatment had positive effects on decreasing decay incidence by increasing antioxidant capacity in cherry tomato.

AbstractEntrepreneurs are increasingly relying on online crowdfunding—the use of online platforms to raise money from a large number of people—to finance their ventures. This research explores the proposition that the amounts contributed by the majority of funders in the early stages of a crowdfunding campaign may have a counterintuitive influence on follow-up contributions and on the campaign's fundraising success. Findings from an analysis of real-world large-scale crowdfunding data and five experiments show that potential funders are more (vs. less) likely to contribute to a newly launched project when early contributions consist mainly of relatively small (vs. large) amounts. The results further show that this Small Predicts Large effect is driven by people's relationship inferences: when contributions made at the early stages of a crowdfunding campaign mainly comprise relatively large amounts, consumers tend to infer that those large contributions were made by the entrepreneur's friends or relatives. Because of this relationship inference, prospective funders perceive larger contributions as being less diagnostic of others' true opinions of the project and this perception negatively affects their willingness to contribute. However, if a crowdfunding campaign provides sufficient justification for the early-stage large contributions, this Small Predicts Large effect will be eliminated.

Yufan Jian,1,2,* Meina Zhao,1,2,* Jinyi Cao,1,* Tingting Fan,1 Wei Bu,1 Yang Yang,3 Weiwei Li,1 Wei Zhang,1 Yi Qiao,1 Jingwen Wang,1 Aidong Wen1,2 1Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China; 2College of Pharmacy, Shannxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, People's Republic of China; 3Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Tingting Fan; Aidong WenDepartment of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of ChinaEmail fanting0427@163.com; adwen-2004@hotmail.comAim: The aim of this study was to develop a GX1-modified nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) and to evaluate its ability to improve the anti-gastric cancer tumor effects of paclitaxel (PTX).Main Methods: The GX1-modified NLCs were synthesized and loaded with PTX (GX1-PTX-NLCs) by emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The anti-tumor activity and pharmacodynamics were then evaluated by in vitro cell studies and animal experiments.Key Findings: The GX1-modified NLCs were successfully synthesized and confirmed by 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS. PTX-loaded NLCs produced particles with average size distribution less than or equal to 222 nm and good drug loading and entrapment efficiency. In vitro studies demonstrated that GX1-PTX-NLCs had a more obvious inhibitory effect on Co-HUVEC cells than PTX and unmodified PTX-NLCs. The cellular uptake results also showed that GX1-PTX-NLCs were largely concentrated in Co-HUVEC cells, and the uptake rates of GX1-PTX-NLCs in Co-HUVEC were higher than those of the free drug and the PTX-NLC. In vivo studies demonstrated that GX1-PTX-NLCs possess strong anti-tumor effect and showed higher tumor growth inhibition and lower toxicity in nude mice.Significance: These results suggest that GX1-modified NLCs enhanced the anti-tumor activity of PTX and reduced its toxicity effectively. GX1-PTX-NLCs may be considered as a potent drug delivery system for therapy of gastric cancer.Keywords: gastric cancer, paclitaxel, nano-lipid carriers, gastric cancer peptide, anti-tumor activity

We demonstrate, to our knowledge, the first bright circularly polarized high-harmonic beams in the soft X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and use them to implement X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements in a tabletop-scale setup. Using counterrotating circularly polarized laser fields at 1.3 and 0.79 µm, we generate circularly polarized harmonics with photon energies exceeding 160 eV. The harmonic spectra emerge as a sequence of closely spaced pairs of left and right circularly polarized peaks, with energies determined by conservation of energy and spin angular momentum. We explain the single-atom and macroscopic physics by identifying the dominant electron quantum trajectories and optimal phase-matching conditions. The first advanced phase-matched propagation simulations for circularly polarized harmonics reveal the influence of the finite phase-matching temporal window on the spectrum, as well as the unique polarization-shaped attosecond pulse train. Finally, we use, to our knowledge, the first tabletop X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements at the N4,5 absorption edges of Gd to validate the high degree of circularity, brightness, and stability of this light source. These results demonstrate the feasibility of manipulating the polarization, spectrum, and temporal shape of high harmonics in the soft X-ray region by manipulating the driving laser waveform. ; The authors thank Wilhelm Becker and Luis Plaja for useful discussions. Support for this work was provided by the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Basic Energy Sciences X-Ray Scattering Program and the National Science Foundation (NSF) Physics Frontier Center Program Grant PHY-1125844 (to T.F., P.G., R.K., D.D.H., D.Z., C.G., F.J.D., C.A.M., C.W.H., J.L.E., K.M.D., C.C., T.P., A.B., H.C.K. and M.M.M.); NSF Graduate Research Fellowship DGE-1144083 (to J.L.E.); Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship within the European Union (EU) Seventh Framework Program for Research and Technological Development (2007–2013), under REA Grant 328334 (to C.H.-G.); Junta de Castilla y León Project SA116U13, UIC016 (to C.H.-G.); MINECO Grant FIS2013-44174-P (to C.H.-G.); US NSF Grants PHY- 1125844 and PHY-1068706 (to A.A.J.-B.); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant GR 4234/1-1 (to P.G.); Swedish Research Council (R.K. and P.M.O.); EU Seventh Framework Programme Grant 281043, FemtoSpin (to K.C. and P.M.O.); Czech Science Foundation Grant 15-08740Y (to K.C.); IT4Innovations Centre of Excellence Project CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0070 funded by the European Regional Development Fund and the national budget of the Czech Republic Project Large Research, Development and Innovations Infrastructures LM2011033 (to D.L.); US DOE, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Contract DE-SC0001805 (to O.G.S.); and US DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences Award DE-SC0003678 (to E.E.F.). This work used the Janus supercomputer, which is supported by US NSF Award CNS-0821794 and the University of Colorado, Boulder.