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In this comprehensive history, Ashley D. Farmer examines black women's political, social, and cultural engagement with Black Power ideals and organizations. Complicating the assumption that sexism relegated black women to the margins of the movement, Farmer demonstrates how female activists fought for more inclusive understandings of Black Power and social justice by developing new ideas about black womanhood. This compelling book shows how the new tropes of womanhood that they created - the "MIlitant Black Domestic," the "Revolutionary Black Woman," and the "Third World Woman," for instance - spurred debate among activists over the importance of women and gender to Black Power organizing, causing many of the era's organizations and leaders to critique patriarchy and support gender equality. Making use of a vast and untapped array of black women's artwork, political cartoons, manifestos, and political essays that they produced as members of groups such as the Black Panther Party and the Congress of African People, Farmer reveals how black women activists reimagined black womanhood, challenged sexism, and redefined the meaning of race, gender, and identity in American life. -- from dust jacket

Published in Paris in 1928 under the leadership of Guadeloupean Maurice Satineau, the newspaper La dépêche africaine featured a mélange of African diasporic contributors from across the French colonies. Chief among them were the Afro-Martinican intellectuals and sisters Jane and Paulette Nardal. It was here that Jane Nardal published her now famous essay "Internationalisme noir," introducing the idea of "black internationalism" into popular parlance. Nardal documented a new understanding of blackness and collectivity amid post-World War I globalization. Just as wartime had broken down barriers among Europeans and white Americans, so too had it fostered the "sentiment" among black people from the around the world that they "belong[ed] to one and the same race." Introducing and reifying terms such as "Afro Latino" and "African American" into French and English vernaculars, Nardal focused on black people's efforts to rhetorically and ideologically link the African diaspora while also reconciling these new identities with the "ancient traditions" of Africa. The result: one of the first efforts to define black internationalism as an ideology, worldview, and political practice in a moment in which black people the world over were trying to negotiate the modernizing world and their place in it.

Abstract
Mae Mallory (1927–2007) was a radical political activist and a self-proclaimed "maladjusted Negro." She played a foundational role in developing and sustaining the black freedom movement through her school desegregation protests in the 1950s, Black Power advocacy in the 1960s, and Pan-African and prisoner's rights organizing in the 1970s and 1980s. She also espoused a politics defined by her commitment to a black, community-centered, working-class, gender-conscious, and anti-imperialist worldview. Mallory's multifaceted organizing, intellectual production, and women-centered approach to radical politics have made her an outlier in traditional historical frameworks. However, her alternative intellectual and activist path is also generative in that it illuminates different aspects of black women's political activism. This article examines Mallory's organizing and intellectual production through the lens of "maladjustment." It argues that her unconventional identifications, politics, and organizing trajectory not only showcase Mallory's unique influence on the black radical tradition, they also offer an opportunity to rethink existing approaches to the study of black women's activism. The essay offers one of the first overviews of Mallory's life, organizing, and theorizing, in order to foreground her role in shaping multiple facets of black organizing. In doing so, it offers a larger commentary on how "maladjusted" women like Mallory challenge conventional narratives about the periodization, strategies, and legacies of the black freedom movement.

Abstract
Audley Moore and Dara Abubakari were lifelong theorists and activists who were committed to Pan-African organizing and black nation-building initiatives. Both born in Louisiana, Moore and Abubakari developed their political critique and honed their activism amid organizations like the Universal Negro Improvement Association, the Communist Party, and the Universal Association of Ethiopian Women during the first half of the twentieth century. In the 1960s and 1970s, Moore and Abubakari became leaders and mentors in organizations like the Republic of New Africa and the Revolutionary Action Movement, ensuring that their activism and Pan-African political vision influenced the next generation of activists. This article examines their activist lives and argues that they were key figures in sustaining and propelling Pan-African formulations and communities at the grassroots level. In excavating the histories and activism of these two understudied women, this article reshapes the political and intellectual trajectory of Pan-African organizing and specifies the ways in which African American women forged diasporic relationships and communities.

Introduction: The contours of Black intellectual history / Keisha N. Blain, Christopher Cameron, and Ashley D. Farmer -- Black internationalism. Introduction / Michael O. West -- "Every wide-awake Negro teacher of French should know" : the pedagogies of Black internationalism in the early twentieth century / Celeste Day Moore -- Afro-Cuban intellectuals and the new Negro renaissance : Bernardo Ruiz Suarez's The color question in the two Americas / Reena N. Goldthree -- "To start something to help these people" : African American women and the occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934 / Brandon R. Byrd -- Religion and spirituality. Introduction / Judith Weisenfeld -- Isolated believer : Alain Locke, Baha'i secularist / David Weinfeld -- The new Negro renaissance and African American secularism / Christopher Cameron -- "I had a praying grandmother" : religion, prophetic witness, and Black women's herstories / LeRhonda S. Manigault-Bryant -- Racial politics and struggles for social justice. Introduction / Pero Gaglo Dagbovie -- Historical ventriloquy : Black thought and sexual politics in the interracial marriage of Frederick Douglass / Guy Emerson Mount -- Reigning assimilationists and defiant Black power : the struggle to define and regulate racist ideas / Ibram X. Kendi -- Becoming African women : women's cultural nationalist theorizing in the U.S organization and the Committee for Unified Newark / Ashley D. Farmer -- Black radicalism. introduction / Robin D. G. Kelley -- Runaways, rescuers, and the politics of breaking the law / Christopher Bonner -- Conspiracies, seditions, rebellions : concepts and categories in the study of slave resistance / Gregory Childs -- African American expats, Guyana, and the Pan-African ideal in the 1970s / Russell Rickford