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Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of tables and figures -- Acknowledgements -- Acknowledgements for the twentieth anniversary edition -- Foreword -- Foreword to the twentieth anniversary edition -- Part 1 Introduction -- 1 Probation, social context and desistance from crime: introducing the agenda -- 2 Realism, criminal careers and complexity -- 3 The study -- Part 2 Probation, motivation and social contexts -- 4 Defining 'success' -- 5 The focus of probation -- 6 Resolving obstacles: the role of probation supervision -- 7 Motivation and probation -- 8 Probation work: content and context -- 9 Motivation, changing contexts and probation supervision -- Part 3 Persistence and desistance -- 10 Desistance, change and probation supervision -- 11 The factors associated with offending -- Part 4 Conclusions -- 12 Probation, social context and desistance from crime: developing the agenda -- 13 Rethinking . . . 20 years later: what happened next? -- Commentaries -- Reflections on Rethinking What Works with Offenders -- A commentary on Rethinking What Works with Offenders -- A commentary on Rethinking What Works with Offenders -- From 'what works' to desistance in probation? A commentary -- Appendix -- References -- Index -- Case index.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Praise For Building Complex Temporal Explanations of Crime -- Contents -- About the Author -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction: Why Do We Need to Build Complex, Temporal Explanations? -- Why Do We Need Complex Explanations? -- Outlining the Rest of the Book -- Reference -- 2 Recognising Complexity -- Thinking About Levels (and Speeds) of Explanation -- Forms and Types of Complex Relationships -- Complexity and Causation -- Learning from Individual-Level Thinking: An Institutional Developmental Criminology? -- Summary -- References -- 3 Historical and Constructivist Institutionalisms -- Historical Institutionalism -- Key Concepts in Historical Institutionalism -- Path Dependencies -- Feedback Loops -- Timing and Sequence -- 'Slow-Moving' Causal Processes and Outcomes -- Rational Choice and Agency -- Critical Junctures and the Concept of Punctuated Equilibrium -- Constructivist Institutionalism: Recognising that Ideas Shape Pathways -- Comparative Historical Analyses -- Summary -- References -- 4 Why-Because Analyses -- Outlining Why-Because Analyses -- A Why-Because Analysis of the Capsizing of the Herald of Free Enterprise -- Lessons for Building Temporal Explanations -- Adding Macro-Level Changes to Individual-Level Models of Criminal Careers -- Summary -- References -- 5 Realistic Evaluation -- Introducing Realistic Evaluation -- The Realistic Critique -- Applying Realistic Evaluation to Nineteenth-Century Habitual Offender Legislation -- How Did These Acts 'Work'? -- Summary -- References -- 6 Where Have All the People Gone? Theories of Structuration, Practice and Agency -- Introduction -- Theories of Structuration and Practice -- Reactions to These Theories -- Using These Insights in Analyses of Temporal Explanations -- Summary -- References -- 7 Research Designs and Research Methods.

"Bringing together leading figures, and drawing upon case studies from around the world, this book seeks to fill a vacuum in the contemporary literature on desistance by considering processes and practices at a societal level that influence how and why people desist from crime"--

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Outlining the Crime Drop -- Abstract -- Introducing the Crime Drop -- An Outline of the Remainder of This Book -- Which Tests Ought a Theory of the Crime Drop to Explain? -- Explaining Why Crime Rates Fell -- Which Theory Is Currently Preferred? -- References -- Chapter 2 Critiquing the Crime Drop -- Abstract -- Historical Institutionalism: An Introduction -- Path Dependencies and Positive Feedback Loops -- Critical Junctures and the Concept of Punctuated Equilibrium -- Constructivist Institutionalism: Recognising that Ideas Shape Pathways -- Epistemological Critique -- Comparative Historical Analyses -- What I Have Argued so Far -- References -- Chapter 3 Explaining the Crime Drop I: Developing a Case Study of Political Change in England and Wales -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Margaret Thatcher's Period in Office: A Brief Overview -- Economic Policy -- Housing Policy -- Social Security Policy -- Education -- The Criminal Justice System -- Explaining Changes in the Property Crime Rate Over Time -- How Crime Shapes the Political and Policy Agendas -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Explaining the Crime Drop II: Responding to Crime in England and Wales -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Charting Thatcherite Influence in the Criminal Justice Arena -- Thatcher's Criminal Justice Legislative Programme: A Review -- Operationalising Punitiveness -- Legislative and Policy Developments 1982-1998 -- The Rise of Situational Crime Prevention -- Making Sense of the Response to the Rising Crime Rates of the 1980s -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Congruence Testing -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The 1980s New Right -- Australia -- The USA -- New Zealand -- Sweden -- Summarising These Countries' Experiences -- References -- Chapter 6 Conclusion -- Abstract -- References

The crime drop is one of the most important puzzles in contemporary criminology: since the early-1990s many countries appear to exhibit a pronounced decline in crime rates. While there have been many studies on the topic, this book argues that the current crime drop literature relies too heavily on a single methodological approach, and in turn, provides a new method for examining the falling rates of crime, based on ideas from political science and comparative historical social science. Farrall's original new research forwards an understanding of trends in crime and responses to them by questioning the received theoretical assumptions. The book therefore encourages a 'deepening' in the nature of the sorts of studies which have been undertaken so far. Firmly grounded in Political Science, this innovative study is a must read for scholars of Critical Criminology, Criminological Theory, and Politics.--

part PART I: INITIAL EXPLORATIONS -- chapter 1 A STUDY OF A DELINQUENT COMMUNITY -- chapter 2 THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT UPON FORMER FELONS -- chapter 3 TEMPORARY AND CONTINUING DELINQUENCY -- chapter 4 AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF EXITING FROM CRIMINAL CAREERS -- chapter 5 The Short Term Careers of Serious Thievesl -- chapter 6 DELINQUENCY CESSATION AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT: Preliminary Data -- part PART II: COMMONLY OBSERVED REGULARITIES -- chapter 7 EARLY MARRIAGE AND CRIMINAL TENDENCY IN MALES -- chapter 8 UNEMPLOYMENT, SCHOOL LEAVING, AND CRIME -- chapter 9 The Criminal Career: Estimates of the Duration and Frequency of Crime Commission -- chapter 10 DELINQUENCY: Do the Dropouts Drop Back In? -- chapter 11 Going Straight Desistance From Crime and Life Narratives of Reform -- part PART III: DESISTANCE BY SPECIFIC OFFENDING POPULATIONS -- chapter 12 THE LATER STAGES OF ORDINARY PROPERTY OFFENder CAREERS* -- chapter 13 Growing Focus on Criminal Careers -- chapter 14 INITIATION, ESCALATION AND DESISTANCE IN JUVENILE OFFENDING AND THEIR CORRELATES* -- chapter 15 getting out of the life: crime desistance by female street offenders -- chapter 16 Crime in the Breaking: Gender Differences in Desistance -- part PART IV: THEORIZING DESISTANCE I: RATIONAL CHOICE MODELS -- chapter 17 DECISIONS TO PARTICIPATE IN AND DESIST FROM FOUR TYPES OF COMMON DELINQUENCY: DETERRENCE AND THE RATIONAL CHOICE PERSPECTIVE -- chapter 18 AGE, DIFFERENTIAL EXPECTATIONS, AND CRIME DESISTANCE* -- chapter 19 Earnings Prospects, Matching Effects, and the Decision to Terminate a Criminal Career -- part PART V: THEORIZING DESISTANCE II: THE LIFE-COURSE -- chapter 20 Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy -- chapter 21 TRAJECTORIES OF CHANGE IN CRIMINAL OFFENDING: GOOD MARRIAGES AND THE DESISTANCE PROCESS* -- chapter 22 LIFE-COURSE TRANSITIONS AND DESISTANCE FROM CRIME* -- chapter 23 STRUCTURATION, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DESISTANCE FROM CRIME.

Escape Routes: Contemporary Perspectives on Life After Punishment addresses the reasons why people stop offending, and the processes by which they are rehabilitated or resettled back into the community. Engaging with, and building upon, renewed criminological interest in this area, Escape Routes nevertheless broadens and enlivens the current debate. First, its scope goes beyond a narrowly-defined notion of crime and includes, for example, essays on religious redemption, the lives of ex-war criminals, and the relationship between ethnicity and desistance from crime. Second,

As well as finding empirical relationships between victimisation, key socio-demographic variables, and various psychological and environmental processes, criminologists have long suspected that the feelings now identified, corralled together and labelled as 'the fear of crime' have roots in the wider shifts in the social, economic bases of society. In this paper, and using survey data from a nationally-representative sample of Britons aged over 16 (n = 5781), we explore the relationships between feelings of political and social nostalgia and the fear of crime. We find that nostalgia is indeed strongly related to crime fears, and, indeed, stronger even than variables such as victimisation, gender, and age (three of the frequently cited associates of fear). We go on to explore these relationships further in terms of different socio-economic classes, and relate feelings of nostalgia and fear to their recent (i.e. post-1945) historical trajectories. ; Economic and Social Research Council, as award ES/P002862/1

Criminal careers research is one of the bedrocks – if not the bedrock – of criminology. It remains a key focal point of criminological research, and has embraced ideas and theorising from sociology, psychology, psychiatry and urban and community studies. Despite the widening of the landscape of what might be termed 'the criminological enterprise' (to include victimology, prisons research, punishment, deterrence, and environmental criminology), criminal careers (now differentiated into studies of onset, persistence and desistance) remains a key plank of criminology. This article critiques the research design of longitudinal studies of criminal careers, arguing that a key explanatory factor has been consistently overlooked in criminal careers research, due, in part, to the research design of such studies. In focussing on the role of politically-motivated changes to economic policies and the re-structuring of the industrial base this produced, I empirically relate individual offending careers to politics in way very few have done before. The article touches upon a series of suggestions for how empirical studies of criminal careers might be improved. ; Economic and Social Research Council (award ES/P002862/1).

Despite the renewed interest in the outcomes of community disposals and the role of such sentences in reducing offending, little is known about those people given probation orders, community service and other community sentences who fail to comply with the requirements of their sentence. Given that rates of orders terminated for non‐compliance in England and Wales have been rising steadily, this represents something of a shortfall in current knowledge. Drawing upon the insights of probation officers and, to a lesser extent, some of those probationers who did not maintain contact, this article seeks to address this shortfall of knowledge. The data come from a recently completed longitudinal self‐report study of probation supervision undertaken whilst the author was a research officer at the Probation Studies Unit, Oxford University.

The Politics of Crime, Punishment and Justice explores the impact of right-wing political ideology on crime, the criminal justice system, and attitudes towards punishment in Britain. It is essential reading for criminologists, political philosophers, and social theorists alike.