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AbstractBilingual preschoolers often perform better than monolingual children on false‐belief understanding. It has been hypothesized that this is due to their enhanced executive function skills, although this relationship has rarely been tested or supported. The current longitudinal study tested whether metalinguistic awareness was responsible for this advantage. Further, we examined the contributions of both executive functioning and language ability to false‐belief understanding by including multiple measures of both. Seventy‐eight children (n = 40 Spanish‐English bilingual; age M = 49.29, SD = 7.38 and, n = 38 English monolingual; age M = 47.75, SD = 6.86) were tested. A year later the children were tested again (n = 22 bilingual, n = 25 monolingual). The results indicated that language and executive function (inhibitory control) at time 1 were related to false belief in monolinguals at time 2. In contrast, bilinguals' metalinguistic performance at time 1 was the sole predictor of false belief at time 2. The different linguistic and cognitive profiles of monolinguals and bilinguals may create different pathways for their development of false‐belief understanding. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/vILn2gKjFxw

Eighty casualities, mainly due to explosive devices, sustained over a period of 3 1/2 months by the armed forces of the Sultan of Oman in counterinsurgency operations are analysed and their management by a British field surgical team is described. Of the 73 who reached the surgical centre alive, 56 per cent had suffered major injuries, yet all but 2 survived, giving an overall survival rate of 88.75 per cent (71/80). The effects of first aid and rapid evacuation on survival and their influence on the surgical work load and on the facilities required for treatment are assessed, together with their relevance to the planning of military and civilian accident services.

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The burning of crop residues is a major source of pollution in many countries resulting not only in a loss of soil nutrients but also in increases in greenhouse gas emissions and production of particulates that can be toxic. Many state and national governments have banned in-field burning (e.g., in China) and these bans are enforced at a cost of millions of dollars each year. A new strategy has been proposed to convert these residues and wastes into energy and a valuable product (biochar) that can be used for a range of applications. Since 2010 over 2000 peer-reviewed papers have been published on this topic but very little commercialization of biochar products and technology has taken place. This chapter will explore recent innovations in the production and application of engineered or enhanced biochars (EB) and their effect on microbial populations and plant yield. It builds on the work studying and manipulating the micro- and nanostructure of EB to provide a range of properties that improve its effectiveness. It also provides case studies that have carried out financial analyses of the application of biochar.