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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Series Preface -- Introduction -- PART I: CONCEPTS OF EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION -- 1 Equality -- 1. THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EQUALITY -- 2. EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION CONCEPTS IN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW -- 2.1 Equality as consistent treatment -- 2.2 Equality of opportunity -- 2.3 Equality of outcomes -- 2.4 Transformative equality -- 3. EQUALITY AS A STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLE OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW -- 3.1 Equality as a preambular objective -- 3.2 Equality serving an implicit descriptive function -- 3.3 Equality codification in the substantive articles of human rights treaties -- 4. THE SCOPE AND INTERPRETATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY IN CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW -- 4.1 The definition and scope of discrimination and equal treatment -- 4.2 Permitted measures to accelerate and achieve def acto equality -- 5. A RIGHT TO EQUALITY IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW? -- 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- FURTHER READING -- 2 Equality and Nondiscrimination -- Equality and Nondiscrimination as Fundamental Human Rights -- Religion -- Humanitarian Movements -- The UN Charter -- International Customary Law -- The History of the Principal Articles -- Positive and Negative Statement of the Same Principle -- Equality -- An Independent Right -- Equality before the Law and Equal Protection of the Law -- Equal Enjoyment of Enumerated Rights -- Nondiscrimination -- Discrimination versus Distinction -- Affirmative Action -- Discrimination by Private Individuals -- Distinctions between Citizens and Aliens -- Nondiscrimination in the Matter of Political Rights -- Nondiscrimination in Religious Rights and Practices -- Nondiscrimination in Education -- Discrimination against Persons Born Out of Wedlock -- The Rights of Noncitizens

"Cover" -- "Half Title" -- "Title Page" -- "Copyright Page" -- "Contents" -- "Acknowledgements" -- "Series Preface" -- "Introduction" -- "PART I: CONTENTS AND SCOPE" -- "Universality" -- "1 On the Universality of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights" -- "1. The Origins of Human Rights" -- "2. Individual Rights and Human Rights" -- "3. The Eighteenth and the Twentieth-Century Theories of Rights" -- "4. Conclusion: Human Rights as the Language of the Oppressed and the Language of Power" -- "2 Human Rights in Islam and International Law: A Conceptual Analysis" -- "The Definitional Debate and Nature Of Human Rights" -- "Foundations of Human Rights in the 'Western' Tradition" -- "Sources of Human Rights in Islam" -- "'Secular' and 'Western' versus 'Divine' and 'Islamic' Human Rights: A Clash of Traditions?" -- "Rights-based and Duty-based Human Rights: A Valid Distinction?" -- "Islam, Human Rights and Individualism" -- "Human Rights as Hierarchical Entitlements? Rights of White, Free, Male, Elite in the 'Western' Tradition and Entitlements of Adult, Free, Male, Muslims in the Islamic" -- "Concluding Remarks" -- "3 Anti-Essentialism, Relativism, and Human Rights" -- "INTRODUCTION" -- "I. CULTURAL RELATNISM VS. UNIVERSALISM" -- "II. THE CHALLENGE OF FEMINIST ANTI-ESSENTIALISM" -- "A. Global Feminist Politics and the Appeal of Essentialism" -- "B. Anti-essentialism, Cultural Relativism, and Feminist Human Rights Activism" -- "III. UNPACKING THE LOGIC OF RELATIVISM" -- "A. Contingency Does Not Entail Radical Relativism" -- "B. Two Views on Culture and Coercion" -- "1. Cultural Relativism: Essentializing Culture, Obscuring Coercion" -- "2. Feminist Anti-Essentialism: Complicating Coercion" -- "IV. CULTURE AS A LENS ON GENDER" -- "A. Social Construction and the Problem of Agency" -- "B. The Risks and Rewards of Cross-Cultural Feminism

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Series Preface -- Introduction -- PART I: PHILOSOPHICAL, RELIGIOUS, AND HISTORICAL INFLUENCES UNDERLYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW -- 1 Origins: The Rise and Fall of Natural Rights -- Why history? -- On rights and tyrants -- Justice and rights -- Natural rights -- The age of revolutions -- The decline of natural rights -- References -- 2 Introduction: The Human Rights Idea -- POLITICAL AND MORAL UNDERPINNINGS -- Notes -- 3 Islam and Human Rights: Beyond the Universality Debate -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- 4 Women's Rights as Human Rights: Toward a Re-Vision of Human Rights -- I. BEYOND RHETORIC: POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS -- II. TOWARD ACTION: PRACTICAL APPROACHES -- PART II: DRAFTING OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS PROVISIONS OF THE UN CHARTER AND OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS -- 5 The Road to San Francisco: The Revival of the Human Rights Idea in the Twentieth Century -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND THE MINORITY CLAUSES -- Ill. THE PIONEER ROLE OF ANDRE MANDELSTAM AND THE INVOLVEMENT OF NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS -- IV. THE EMERGENCE OF NAZI GERMANY AND THE HAITIAN PROPOSALS TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS -- V. CONTINUING NEGLECT OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS CONCEPT BY PREWAR POLITICAL THOUGHT -- VI. THE RIGHTS OF MAN CAMPAIGN OF H.G. WELLS -- VII. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AND THE FOUR FREEDOMS -- VIII. THE HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT DURING WORLD WAR II -- IX. THE OPENING PHASE OF THE SAN FRANCISCO CONFERENCE -- X. EPILOGUE-THE NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH -- 6 World War Two and the Universal Declaration -- I. HITLER'S ORGANIC STATE AND ARTICLES 1 AND 2 -- Article 1 -- Article 2 -- II. PERSONAL SECURITY AND THE CAMPS -- Article 3 -- Article 4 -- Article 5 -- Ill. THE FUHRER PRINCIPlE AND ARTIClE 21 -- IV. NAZIFICATION AND LEGAL RIGHTS -- Article 6