Suchergebnisse

Migration of the indigenous populations from their ancestral territories to the urban centres is a global phenomenon. It is determined from the tendency to urbanization affecting every category of people. Nevertheless, in Colombia it presents some distinguishing characteristics, in relation to the dynamics of the internal armed conflict and the problem of the forced displacement. The aim of this paper is to analyze the phenomenon of the urban migrations of the indigenous populations at global level, the general situation of the indigenous people in Colombia and the extent of the impact of the conflict especially in relation to the forced displacement. In particular, this paper analyzes the needs and the problems denounced by the displaced indigenous community of Villavicencio, on the basis of the experience acquired through a process of community and organizational strengthening targeting the community. The analysis reveals the multidimensional and aggravated vulnerability of the indigenous that are displaced or at risk to be displaced in the entire country.
The second part of this work offers an overview of the international standards on indigenous collective rights and internal displacement, with a focus on the normative gap at this level. This study will show how the protection of the rights of the Colombian indigenous - at risk of extinction because of the conflict and the displacement - is a matter of national law. As the underlined by the Constitutional Court, this national law has been produced by the same State that failed to fulfil his obligations of prevention and protection in the moment the displacement took place.
The role of mentor of these State obligations towards the indigenous communities can be therefore played only by the Colombian Constitutional Court. The international community seems not to be able or willing to take on such obligations, notwithstanding the multidimensional vulnerability of indigenous people in front of a displacement that puts them at serious risk of physical and cultural extinction.

Morocco is situated in a peculiar geo-political position, which makes it a catalyst of Western attention. This position is not only represented by the spatial proximity to Europe and the few kilometres of sea that separate it from Spain. The closeness to Europe and the western world is political and economic. Despite the lack of a vast amount of natural resources as in Algeria, the country has been integrated in the international economy for most of its post-independence existence. This not only for being favourable to some sort of a market economy, but most of all for its links with the West. In the last years this geostrategic relevance for the American and European interests has been increasing due to the "necessity of reliable partners in a volatile region". "Morocco is generally well respected by world powers as a stable constitutional monarchy... and an Islamic voice of moderation". This fundamental characteristic of Morocco, the fact that is an Arab-Islamic country with western pronounced features, makes it a fundamental bridge with the Arab world for the EU and the US.
The US after having lost credibility with the campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan, needs now more than ever the support of the Moroccan regime to take part in the dialogue which involves the region, and so they granted Morocco major non-Nato ally status in June 2004 .
Everything is explained much better if we recall the relatively good relationship between Morocco and Israel. Although the natural and genetic brakes in the relations of the two states, as the Moroccan Islamic sensibility first of all, the interaction between Morocco and Israel still continues on a positive binary, promoted by the confluent interest of both. For the Moroccan authorities, a positive attitude towards Israel and the pacific conclusion of its conflict are useful for "bolstering the country's image in the West and bringing in foreign currency" .
So we arrive to a crucial point. Morocco owes its importance and its sparkling inclusion in the Western economic market to this image that it has been able to build during its post-independence history.
The image of an economic liberal, pro-Western and Islamic-moderate country in a democratizing process makes it attractive not only for tourists, but for the USA, the EU and Israel policymakers as well.
The problem is the following: in order to maintain this façade, Morocco had and still has to face very strong challenges like terrorism, Islamism and the democratisation issues. This paper aims to analyze how the country is dealing with these issues and how the image that it wants to show for maintaining its international relations influenced its attitude towards those questions.
The analysis focuses on how Morocco responded to those three challenges.
Exploring these issues, terrorism (par. 2), Islamism (par. 3) and democratisation (par. 4) I will highlight the particular attitude that it took, which I would define the Moroccan cosmetic approach.