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Purpose. To test the ability of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in predicting the stage of change for physical activity promotion by mental health professionals. Design. Six-month prospective questionnaire study. Setting. One mental health trust in the East Midlands, United Kingdom. Subjects. Three hundred ninety-four mental health professionals (men, n = 131; women, n = 263) of an initial sample of 477 participated in the study (83% response rate). Measures. Attitudes, subjective norms, intentions, perceived behavioral control, and stage of change were measured at the first wave of data collection. Stage of change was also assessed 6 months later. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results. Intention and stage of change were successfully predicted from TPB variables. Overall, 27% of the variance in self-reported stage of promoting physical activity was explained by the model. Sixty-one percent of the variance in intention to promote physical activity was explained. When included, past behavior was the strongest predictor of both intention and stage of change and attenuated all other path coefficients. Past behavior improved the predicted variance in intention by 11% and stage by 6%. Conclusions. The TPB variables of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention predict stage of change of physical activity promotion in a health care setting. However, promoting physical activity in the past had a sizable effect on predicting subsequent promotion. Due to unequal distribution across stages, the stage model's application to understanding the behavior of health professionals may be limited.

In diesem Beitrag skizzieren wir die Eckdaten eines diskursiven Ansatzes zur Untersuchung von Attributionen in der Sportpsychologie. Attributionstheoretische Ansätze spielen in der Sportpsychologie traditionell eine wichtige Rolle. Attributionen werden hierbei als die wahrgenommenen Ursachen oder Konsequenzen verstanden, die Menschen einem Ereignis zuschreiben. Ein besonders einflussreiches, in der pädagogischen Psychologie entwickeltes Attributionsmodell erfordert die dimensionale Kategorisierung von Attributionen (z.B. internal-external, stabil-nicht stabil, kontrollierbar-nicht kontrollierbar), die in der Sportpsychologie fast ausschließlich mittels Fragebögen erfasst werden (und dies zumeist im Rahmen einer sehr eingeschränkten theoretischen Perspektive). Im Unterschied hierzu werden im diskursiven Ansatz Gespräche eingesetzt bzw. analysiert, dies aber nicht zur Erfassung internaler oder dimensionaler Kategorien, sondern das Gespräch selbst ist Gegenstand des Interesses. Im vorliegenden Beitrag setzen wir uns – rückgreifend auf Prinzipien der Konversationsanalyse – kritisch mit der traditionellen Konzeptualisierung und Erforschung von Attributionen auseinander. An empirischen Gesprächsbeispielen mit Sportler(innen) verdeutlichen wir dann unser Verständnis von Attributionen als "talk-in-action" statt einem Ansatz, der Attributionen als bloße Aufeinanderfolge diskreter kognitiver Elemente und Dimensionen zu erforschen versucht. Wie Attributionsprozesse in Gesprächen verlaufen, veranschaulichen wir an drei Bereichen: an Fragen nach Niederlagen, am "bescheidenen Reden" über Siege, und an der Flüchtigkeit und schweren Greifbarkeit von Attributionen im Gesprächsverlauf. Abschließend werden Implikationen eines diskursiven Ansatzes für die sportpsychologische Untersuchung von Attributionen diskutiert.

Für qualitative Medienforschung ist es wesentlich, die Bedeutung ihrer Forschungsfrage für Samplingstrategien und die folgende Datenerhebung zu beachten. Wir illustrieren dies an Erfahrungen, die wir im Zuge der Auswahl einer Methodik zum Sammeln von Artikeln zu physischer Aktivität aus der Tagespresse gewonnen haben. Wir reflektieren die Konsequenzen von spezifischen Suchstrategien für unser Sampling, also von manueller Suche einerseits und elektronischer Suche andererseits und betonen in diesem Zusammenhang die unterschiedlichen Konsequenzen, die hieraus für die Reliabilität der Ergebnisse erwachsen. Forschende sollten sich der Vor- und Nachteile, die mit solchen Entscheidungen einhergehen, bewusst sein bis hin zu der Frage, welche Informationen jeweils verfügbar sind mit folgenden Konsequenzen für die eigentliche Forschungsarbeit. Wir schließen, indem wir die Bedeutsamkeit dieser Überlegungen für die Reliabilität einer Inhaltsanalyse veranschaulichen.

(1) Background: The Healthy Kids Community Challenge (HKCC) was a community-based obesity prevention intervention funded by the Government of Ontario (Canada). (2) Methods: A quasi-experimental design was used to examine the impact of the HKCC on physical activity (PA) outcomes using both repeat cross-sectional (T1 2014–2015, n = 31,548; T2 2015–2016, n = 31,457; and T3 2016–2017, n = 30,454) and longitudinal data (n = 3906) from the COMPASS study. Grade 9–12 students in HKCC communities were placed into one of three intervention groups [T2 data collection post-HKCC finishing (IG1), T2 data collection during HKCC (IG2), and T2 data collection pre-HKCC starting (IG3)], Ontario students in non-HKCC communities were Control Group 1 (CG1) and Alberta students were Control Group 2 (CG2). (3) Results: Repeat cross-sectional results show over time the HKCC had no significant impact on PA outcomes in any of the intervention groups. Longitudinal results show a significant decrease in time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (IG2: −3.15 min/day) between T1 and T3 in IG2. (4) Conclusions: These results suggest the HKCC did not have an impact on improving PA outcomes among older youth in HKCC communities. Moving forward, there is a need to provide effective and sustainable interventions to promote PA among older youth.

Physical inactivity is a pressing public health concern. In this commentary we argue that Canada's approach to increasing physical activity (PA) has been fragmented and has lacked coordination, funding and a strategic approach. We then describe a potential solution in Active Canada 20/20 (AC 20/20), which provides both a national plan and a commitment to action from non-government and public sectors with a view to engaging corporate Canada and the general public. It outlines a road map for initiating, coordinating and implementing proactive initiatives to address this prominent health risk factor. The identified actions are based on the best available evidence and have been endorsed by the majority of representatives in the relevant sectors. The next crucial steps are to engage all those involved in public health promotion, service provision and advocacy at the municipal, provincial and national levels in order to incorporate AC 20/20 principles into practice and planning and thus increase the PA level of every person in Canada. Further, governments, as well as the private, not-for-profit and philanthropic sectors, should demonstrate leadership and continue their efforts toward providing the substantial and sustained resources needed to recalibrate Canadians' habitual PA patterns; this will ultimately improve the overall health of our citizens.

Beurteilung der Datenlage zu den unmittelbaren Auswirkungen einer Bewegungseinheit in der Raucherentwöhnung bzw. bei temporärer Nikotinabstinenz, auf die Entzugssymptomatik, sowie auf das Verlangen nach Zigaretten. Es wurde eine systematische Bewertung von im Zeitraum Dezember 1975 – Dezember 2011 veröffentlichten Fachartikeln, die den Einfluss einer Bewegungseinheit im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollbedingung auf die Nikotinabstinenz untersuchten, durchgeführt. Neben einer Beschreibung der Studiendesigns werden die Ergebnisse zu den verwendeten Zielvariablen, die durchschnittliche Nikotinabstinenzdauer, Art und Ausmaß der Bewegungseinheit und verwendete Erhebungsinventare tabellarisch dargestellt. 23 von 24 Studien, die akute Auswirkungen von körperlicher Aktivität mit einer passiven Kontrollsituation bei Rauchern verglichen, berichten von positiven Einflüssen der Bewegungseinheit auf das Verlangen zu rauchen. Eine Reduktion des Verlangens nach Zigaretten wurde sowohl bei Bewegungseinheiten von hoher (60 – 80 % Herz Frequenz Reserve [HRR] über einen Zeitraum von ca. 30 min.) und moderater Intensität (24 % HRR über einen Zeitraum von ca. 15 Minuten) als auch bei geringer Intensität (isometrische Übungen für ca. 5 min.) festgestellt. 13 Studien zeigten eine signifikante Reduktion der Entzugssymptomatik während und nach Bewegung. In 5 Studien wurde ein 2- bis 3- mal längerer Zeitraum bis zum Rauchen der ersten Zigarette nach der Bewegungseinheit beobachtet. Zudem berichten 6 Studien von einer Verbesserung der Stimmungslage während und nach der Bewegungseinheit. Einzelne Bewegungseinheiten können in der Raucherentwöhnung zur Reduktion der Entzugssymptomatik und des Bedürfnisses zu rauchen beitragen. Bei nicht vorhandener Abstinenzmotivation kann durch einzelne Bewegungseinheiten eine Verringerung der Anzahl konsumierter Zigaretten erreicht werden.

Although social marketing promotion efforts are typically evaluated online using either finished video or static images, limited evidence exists whether media type influences audience response. In a posttest-only experimental study with a nationally representative sample of 663 Canadian mothers of 5- to 11-year-old children, participants were randomly assigned to one of two media conditions consisting of Think Again physical-activity Public Service Announcements created by ParticipACTION. Mothers reported campaign recall, ad liking, motivation to respond to the ad (i.e., assist one's child to get at least 60 min of physical activity every day), and their support behaviors. Data were analyzed using χ2 and independent samples t-tests. Those exposed to the video version of the ad in comparison to the static image reported higher message recall and liking, and motivation to respond. There were no differences in parental support behaviors. Social marketing promotion efforts should be evaluated using the same format as the media message originally used. The study concludes that media type influences findings when evaluating social marketing promotion campaigns.

OBJECTIVES: Public health concern about increasing levels of child/youth overweight and obesity has resulted in initiatives to address this issue. In 2012, the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) established a target to reduce childhood obesity by 20% within five years. In this paper, we examine trends and establish baseline levels of overweight/obesity to assess the impacts of population-level interventions. METHODS: We analyzed 10 years (2003–2013) of data accumulated from six cycles of the Ontario Student Drug Use and Health Survey using logistic regression to assess trends in the prevalence of overweight/obesity among middle and high school students. The 2013 data are used to begin monitoring progress toward achieving the MOHLTC target. RESULTS: From 2003 through 2013, the prevalence of overweight/obesity among middle school students in the province remained stable overall and among all subgroups except 7th-grade females, who showed a significant linear decline. Among high school students, the prevalence of overweight/obesity showed a significant linear increase and an increase among 11th graders, females, and 10th- and 11th-grade females specifically. The prevalence remained stable but elevated among 9th- and 12th-grade females as well as among males in all grades. In 2013 (baseline for the MOHLTC target), 25.1% of students in grades 7–12 were overweight or obese, implying a presumed 2018 target of 20.1%. CONCLUSION: Ten-year trends in overweight/obesity indicate stability among males and significant linear increases in some female subgroups. Also, baseline data (2013) will facilitate the monitoring of future interventions aimed at achieving the 2018 MOHLTC target.

Background: Ecological models suggest that a strategy for increasing physical activity participation within a population is to reconstruct the "social climate". This can be accomplished through 1) changing norms and beliefs, 2) providing direct support for modifying environments, and 3) implementing policies to encourage physical activity. Nevertheless, surveillance efforts have paid limited attention to empirical assessment of social climate. This study responds to this gap by assessing the social climate of physical activity in Canada. Methods: A representative sample of Canadian adults (n = 2519, male/female = 50.3%/49.7%, Mage = 49.1 ± 16.3 years) completed an online survey asking them to assess social climate dimensions including social norms of physical (in)activity, perceptions of who causes physical inactivity and who is responsible for solving physical inactivity, and support for physical activity-related policy. Descriptive statistics (frequencies) were calculated. Multinomial logistic regressions were constructed to identify whether demographic variables and physical activity participation associated with social climate dimensions. Results: Physical inactivity was considered a serious public health concern by 55% of the respondents; similar to unhealthy diets (58%) and tobacco use (57%). Thirty-nine percent of the respondents reported that they often see other people exercising. Twenty-eight percent of the sample believed that society disapproves of physical inactivity. The majority of respondents (63%) viewed the cause of physical inactivity as both an individual responsibility and other factors beyond an individuals' control. Sixty-seven percent of respondents reported physical inactivity as being both a private matter and a public health matter. Strong support existed for environmental-, individual-, and economic-level policies but much less for legislative approaches. The social climate indicators were associated with respondents' level of physical activity participation and demographic variables in expected directions. Conclusion: This study is the first known attempt to assess social climate at a national level, addressing an important gap in knowledge related to advocating for, and implementing population-level physical activity interventions. Future tracking will be needed to identify any temporal (in)stability of these constructs over time and to explore the relationship between physical activity participation and indicators of the national social climate of physical activity. ; Education, Faculty of ; Non UBC ; Kinesiology, School of ; Reviewed ; Faculty

Objectives: To examine how public attributions for the causes and solutions of physical inactivity and individuals' self-identified political orientation are associated with support for different policy actions in addressing physical inactivity. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted with a sample of 2,044 Canadian adults. Two sets of 2 X 3 analyses of variance and post-hoc analyses were conducted to assess (1) the mean differences by the causes of the issue of physical inactivity (individual, or both internal and external/external) and political orientation (liberal, centrist, and conservative), and (2) responsibility for solutions (private matter, or both private and public health matter, and /public health matter) and political orientation on support for least, moderate, and most intrusive policy actions. Results: No interaction effects existed between causal attribution and political orientation on policy support, but a main effect of causal attributions for physical inactivity and political orientation was significant. Those who held internal attributions for the cause of physical inactivity showed less support for policies compared to those who held external causal attributions or both internal and external causal attributions. Conservative individuals reported the least support for all policy actions in comparison to liberal or centrist orientations. There were interaction effects between responsibility for solutions and political orientation on policy support. Conservative individuals who perceived the responsibility for solving physical inactivity as a private matter had less support for all three policy actions. Conclusions: Public acceptance of policy actions addressing physical inactivity varies by the attributions the public have regarding causes and responsibility for solving the problem, and by political orientation. Advocacy and messaging for policy implementation in the physical activity arena needs to be communicated in ways that encourage reflective and informed deliberation that is ...