Suchergebnisse

Since the 1979 Revolution in Iran and the end of a close relationship between the US and the Shah, successive American administrations - including the Obama Administration - have tried to contain Iran by various means, particularly sanctions and military threats. Even though President Obama came to office promising to engage Iran, in reality his administration has followed the policy of ""tough diplomacy,"" which has included, among other acts, imposing draconian sanctions against Iran. Follow

Annotation

Whether a theoretical system is realistic or not has been a concern in economics, particularly in monetary theory, over the past century. Following John R. Hicks' proposal that a realistic monetary theory could be constructed along an evolutionary path, starting with the workings of a real market, this volume considers whether we can look to the medieval economy as the point of departure. Drawing upon the work of Aristotle, scholastic economists, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, William Stanley Jevons, Léon Walras and many modern monetary theorists, this intriguing book provides a critical analysis of some basic theories of monetary analysis. Concentrating primarily on certain fundamental building blocks it covers: the theory and mathematical properties of barter and monetary relations the distinction between barter and monetary relations and money and non-money commodities the concept of exchange as an equation, and the notion of the exchange relation as a relation of equality. This groundbreaking study dispels some of the old myths and conjectures concerning money and exchange and opens up the way for the development of new approaches, both realistic and evolutionary, of interest to researchers and students of the history of monetary theory and economic thought.

Whether a theoretical system is realistic or not has been a concern in economics, particularly in monetary theory, over the past century. Following John R. Hicks' proposal that a realistic monetary theory could be constructed along an evolutionary path, starting with the workings of a real market, this volume considers whether we can look to the medieval economy as the point of departure. Drawing upon the work of Aristotle, scholastic economists, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, William Stanley Jevons, Léon Walras and many modern monetary theorists, this intriguing book provides a critical analysis of some basic theories of monetary analysis. Concentrating primarily on certain fundamental building blocks it covers: the theory and mathematical properties of barter and monetary relations the distinction between barter and monetary relations and money and non-money commodities the concept of exchange as an equation, and the notion of the exchange relation as a relation of equality. This groundbreaking study dispels some of the old myths and conjectures concerning money and exchange and opens up the way for the development of new approaches, both realistic and evolutionary, of interest to researchers and students of the history of monetary theory and economic thought.

This article analyzes the circumstances under which the United States has enacted major sanctions against Iran since 1979. As such, it examines the 1979 U.S. freeze of the Iranian government's assets, the role of the sanctions in the "dual containment policy" of the United States in the 1980s, the role of Israel in formulating and implementing the sanctions policy of the United States in the 1990s, the concerted lobbying efforts of U.S. corporations to combat the sanctions, and the incoherent and inconsistent U.S. sanctions policy toward Iran that emerged in the late 1990s.

The manuscripts dealing with commercial practices in Europe from the thirteenth to early seventeenth centuries have been the subject of numerous studies by those interested in the history of mathematics and sociology of knowledge. Indeed, these manuscripts shed a great deal of light on how modern mathematics, as well as mechanistic naturalism of the Enlightenment, can be traced to commercial arithmetic of the medieval and Renaissance periods. As such, the recent interest in these early manuscripts is well understood. But there is another aspect of these writings that has received far less attention: the economic contents of these manuscripts and their implications. for economic theory. In what follows, I will attempt to remedy this shortcoming by looking at the monetary lessons of these manuscripts concerning barter.