Introduction -- Universal authorities and territorial l polities -- The Pope's sovereignty and the relationship between the Emperor and the Pope -- Kingdoms -- Signorie and Vicariates -- Cities that recognise no superior -- Feudo-Vassalic relations and territorial jurisdiction -- Diplomacy -- War and reprisals -- Conclusion.
Der Verfasser untersucht die Ursprünge der modernen Diplomatie, basierend auf umfangreichem Quellenmaterial des 13. bis 17. Jahrhunderts. Im Mittelpunkt der Studie steht dabei die Person des Botschafters und dessen Entwicklungsprozess in ständig neuer Interaktion zwischen Recht, Ethik und Politik, verflochten in einer ungelösten Wechselbeziehung von Theorie und Praxis. Der erste Teil des Buches behandelt die Ausprägung des rechtlichen Botschafterstatus im Spätmittelalter und deren Auswirkung auf die diplomatische Doktrin der frühen Neuzeit. Im zweiten Teil wird untersucht, wie die Entstehung des modernen Staates die Denkansätze hinsichtlich der Gestalt des Botschafters neu belebt und umgestaltet hat. Der dritte Teil beleuchtet schließlich die Entwicklung des beruflichen Botschafterstatus. Basierend auf diesen Ansätzen erscheint Diplomatie als grundlegende Matrix moderner politischer Rationalität.
Der Verfasser untersucht die Ursprünge der modernen Diplomatie, basierend auf umfangreichem Quellenmaterial des 13. bis 17. Jahrhunderts. Im Mittelpunkt der Studie steht dabei die Person des Botschafters und dessen Entwicklungsprozess in ständig neuer Interaktion zwischen Recht, Ethik und Politik, verflochten in einer ungelösten Wechselbeziehung von Theorie und Praxis. Der erste Teil des Buches behandelt die Ausprägung des rechtlichen Botschafterstatus im Spätmittelalter und deren Auswirkung auf die diplomatische Doktrin der frühen Neuzeit. Im zweiten Teil wird untersucht, wie die Entstehung des modernen Staates die Denkansätze hinsichtlich der Gestalt des Botschafters neu belebt und umgestaltet hat. Der dritte Teil beleuchtet schließlich die Entwicklung des beruflichen Botschafterstatus. Basierend auf diesen Ansätzen erscheint Diplomatie als grundlegende Matrix moderner politischer Rationalität.
International audience ; This chapter outlines a history of the concept of ius gentium. It is intended to serve as a contribution to the intellectual history of international law, from Late Antiquity to Early Modern Times. The historical role played by the concept in the framing of international law is not easy to evaluate, as the oldest traces of Roman 'public international law', in the sense of law regulating relations between polities, are actually found within ius fetiale. It is, in fact, difficult to arrive at a clear understanding of ius gentium in the history of Ancient and Medieval legal thought, due to a semantic stratification dating back to Roman Antiquity: on the one hand, a fundamental ambiguity exists in the relationship between ius naturale and ius gentium (as in Gaius' definition, Dig. 1.1.9, possibly under Ciceronian influence) – on the other, the latter, first classified as a branch of the ius privatum (Ulpian, Dig. 1.1.1.4), was later understood as including public law institutes (Hermogenian, Dig. 1.1.5) and even institutes mainly relating to foreign relations (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae V.6 = Decretum c. 9, d. 1). The simple juxtaposition of these definitions within Justinian's compilation and Gratian's Decretum raised several theoretical issues for Medieval jurists, and generated a significant scholarly debate. Firstly, following Dig. 1.1.4 and Dig. 1.1.5, glossators argued that ius naturale and ius gentium – not, as would be claimed by later jurists, Roman law as a whole – formed the ius commune. Secondly, commentaries on Dig. 1.1.5 analysed the various legal institutes listed within the passage, focusing particularly on dominium and obligations. Thirdly, both jurists and theologians elaborated extensively upon the connections between ius gentium and ius naturale: they first drew a distinction between ius naturale primaevum and secundarium, and then reformulated this distinction in such a way that ius gentium itself was split into ius gentium primaevum and secundarium. Many words were to be expended on this distinction until well into Early Modern Times, in the course of a discussion which recent scholarship has studied in depth. This chapter, however, will focus less on this doctrinal debate during the the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries than on the transformation undergone by ius gentium as it developed into a ius inter gentes specifically regulating relations between political communities. Special attention will be paid to diplomatic theory, which has proven to be a particularly interesting field within which to fully evaluate the slow emergence of the state as the only legitimate subject of international law.
International audience ; La formation diplomatique est une des questions majeures abordées dans les écrits sur l'ambassadeur et l'art de négocier de l'époque moderne. Dès la fin du XVIe siècle, le modèle du « parfait ambassadeur », qui plongeait ses racines dans la culture humaniste, est soumis à une critique serrée visant une redéfinition du statut politique et culturel de l'ambassadeur. Au fil du XVIIe siècle et du début du XVIIIe, on assiste à la formulation de programmes de formation plus spécifiques, centrés sur la connaissance de la documentation diplomatique et de l'histoire moderne, conçue comme une source du ius gentium. Cette réflexion, menée parfois en polémique ouverte avec la mauvaise formation des ambassadeurs, va jouer un rôle important à l'égard de la 'professionnalisation' de l'ambassadeur à l'époque moderne.
International audience ; This contribution aims to offer some elements to study the problem of political advising in Renaissance political thought. The introductory section considers the Momus by Leon Battista Alberti, some letters by Marsilio Ficino and the chapters 22-23 of Machiavelli's Prince. The focus then shifts to the fourth book of Castiglione's Courtier, in order to analyze the relationship between the prince and the counsellor by clarifying its conditions of necessity, its internal structure and its conditions of possibility.
International audience ; This paper examines the ethical and political issues of gesture in Early Modern diplomacy, based on a discussion of the problems raised by the interpretation of the gestures that appear on the surface of the ambassador and his counterpart's body. Our aim is to know how this semiotics of the body became a matter of debate in the literature on the ambassador that spread throughout Europe from the late Middle Ages onwards. The paper focuses in particular on Italian and French works. Some writings from diplomatic practice are also used to provide examples and a complement to our analysis. ; Cet article propose un examen des enjeux éthiques et politiques de la gestualité dans la diplomatie de la première époque moderne, sur la base d'une discussion des problèmes posés par la lecture des gestes qui se montrent sur la surface du corps des ambassadeurs et de leurs interlocuteurs. La question que nous nous posons est de savoir comment cette sémiotique du corps est apparue à l'intérieur d'un champ de réflexion dans la littérature sur l'ambassadeur qui s'est développée en Europe dès la fin du Moyen Âge. L'article se concentre en particulier sur des ouvrages italiens et français. Des écrits concernant les pratiques sont utilisés à titre d'exemple et de complément de notre discours.
International audience ; This chapter investigates the plurality of agents involved in premodern diplomacy by considering the dialectic between juridico-political doctrines and diplomatic practice. After an initial consideration of the topic's medieval roots, the article focuses on the literature on the ambassador in early modern times and argues that while their primary focus has always been the fully accredited official ambassador, jurists and political thinkers have inevitably also had to tackle the question of other diplomatic figures, as well as issues raised by the latter's involvement.
International audience ; This chapter outlines a history of the concept of ius gentium. It is intended to serve as a contribution to the intellectual history of international law, from Late Antiquity to Early Modern Times. The historical role played by the concept in the framing of international law is not easy to evaluate, as the oldest traces of Roman 'public international law', in the sense of law regulating relations between polities, are actually found within ius fetiale. It is, in fact, difficult to arrive at a clear understanding of ius gentium in the history of Ancient and Medieval legal thought, due to a semantic stratification dating back to Roman Antiquity: on the one hand, a fundamental ambiguity exists in the relationship between ius naturale and ius gentium (as in Gaius' definition, Dig. 1.1.9, possibly under Ciceronian influence) – on the other, the latter, first classified as a branch of the ius privatum (Ulpian, Dig. 1.1.1.4), was later understood as including public law institutes (Hermogenian, Dig. 1.1.5) and even institutes mainly relating to foreign relations (Isidore of Seville, Etymologiae V.6 = Decretum c. 9, d. 1). The simple juxtaposition of these definitions within Justinian's compilation and Gratian's Decretum raised several theoretical issues for Medieval jurists, and generated a significant scholarly debate. Firstly, following Dig. 1.1.4 and Dig. 1.1.5, glossators argued that ius naturale and ius gentium – not, as would be claimed by later jurists, Roman law as a whole – formed the ius commune. Secondly, commentaries on Dig. 1.1.5 analysed the various legal institutes listed within the passage, focusing particularly on dominium and obligations. Thirdly, both jurists and theologians elaborated extensively upon the connections between ius gentium and ius naturale: they first drew a distinction between ius naturale primaevum and secundarium, and then reformulated this distinction in such a way that ius gentium itself was split into ius gentium primaevum and secundarium. Many words were ...
International audience ; This paper examines the ethical and political issues of gesture in Early Modern diplomacy, based on a discussion of the problems raised by the interpretation of the gestures that appear on the surface of the ambassador and his counterpart's body. Our aim is to know how this semiotics of the body became a matter of debate in the literature on the ambassador that spread throughout Europe from the late Middle Ages onwards. The paper focuses in particular on Italian and French works. Some writings from diplomatic practice are also used to provide examples and a complement to our analysis. ; Cet article propose un examen des enjeux éthiques et politiques de la gestualité dans la diplomatie de la première époque moderne, sur la base d'une discussion des problèmes posés par la lecture des gestes qui se montrent sur la surface du corps des ambassadeurs et de leurs interlocuteurs. La question que nous nous posons est de savoir comment cette sémiotique du corps est apparue à l'intérieur d'un champ de réflexion dans la littérature sur l'ambassadeur qui s'est développée en Europe dès la fin du Moyen Âge. L'article se concentre en particulier sur des ouvrages italiens et français. Des écrits concernant les pratiques sont utilisés à titre d'exemple et de complément de notre discours.
International audience ; This chapter investigates the plurality of agents involved in premodern diplomacy by considering the dialectic between juridico-political doctrines and diplomatic practice. After an initial consideration of the topic's medieval roots, the article focuses on the literature on the ambassador in early modern times and argues that while their primary focus has always been the fully accredited official ambassador, jurists and political thinkers have inevitably also had to tackle the question of other diplomatic figures, as well as issues raised by the latter's involvement.
International audience ; La formation diplomatique est une des questions majeures abordées dans les écrits sur l'ambassadeur et l'art de négocier de l'époque moderne. Dès la fin du XVIe siècle, le modèle du « parfait ambassadeur », qui plongeait ses racines dans la culture humaniste, est soumis à une critique serrée visant une redéfinition du statut politique et culturel de l'ambassadeur. Au fil du XVIIe siècle et du début du XVIIIe, on assiste à la formulation de programmes de formation plus spécifiques, centrés sur la connaissance de la documentation diplomatique et de l'histoire moderne, conçue comme une source du ius gentium. Cette réflexion, menée parfois en polémique ouverte avec la mauvaise formation des ambassadeurs, va jouer un rôle important à l'égard de la 'professionnalisation' de l'ambassadeur à l'époque moderne.
International audience ; This contribution aims to offer some elements to study the problem of political advising in Renaissance political thought. The introductory section considers the Momus by Leon Battista Alberti, some letters by Marsilio Ficino and the chapters 22-23 of Machiavelli's Prince. The focus then shifts to the fourth book of Castiglione's Courtier, in order to analyze the relationship between the prince and the counsellor by clarifying its conditions of necessity, its internal structure and its conditions of possibility.
International audience ; This contribution aims to offer some elements to study the problem of political advising in Renaissance political thought. The introductory section considers the Momus by Leon Battista Alberti, some letters by Marsilio Ficino and the chapters 22-23 of Machiavelli's Prince. The focus then shifts to the fourth book of Castiglione's Courtier, in order to analyze the relationship between the prince and the counsellor by clarifying its conditions of necessity, its internal structure and its conditions of possibility.
