Suchergebnisse

Introduction. 2022 marks the 80th anniversary of the beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad, which became a turning point not only of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders and their allies, but of the entire World War II of 1939–1945. The Battle of Stalingrad covered the territories of modern Voronezh, Rostov, Volgograd regions and the Republic of Kalmykia. The military and political decisions of the supreme command of the USSR and Germany on the eve of the Battle of Stalingrad in June – July 1942 became the starting point in the future battle. Methods and materials.The study used problem-chronological, comparative-historical, and statistical methods. The study of the materials was based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. During the analysis of documents from domestic archives, memoirs, statistical information, a significant amount of material was processed; the problems of the prehistory of the Battle of Stalingrad in domestic and foreign historiography were studied. Analysis. As a result of the study conducted by the authors, various directives, orders of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command to the Soviet troops in the Stalingrad direction, as well as the enemy's planning mechanism for the seizure of Stalingrad territory were analyzed. Results. It has been established that the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, even before the start of hostilities in the Stalingrad direction, took measures to concentrate strategic reserves, create defensive lines, and reorganize the management of front-line troops. The authors' contribution. V.A. Afanasenko proposed the idea and concept of the article, determined the chronology of the beginning of the preparatory actions preceding the Battle of Stalingrad. M.V. Medvedev analyzed the work of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command on the preparation and use of combat reserves in battles within the great bend of the Don, carried out a scientific revision of the article.

Introduction. The article publishes a historical source found in the State Archive of the Rostov region in the fund of Kh.I. Popov, the founder and first director of the Don Museum. Title of the document: "General Kosciusko's description of the Russian army" (translated from the French from the Archive of P.I. Shchukin). The part of the discovered document is indeed a "Note on the Russians," written by the national hero of Poland, Tadeusz Kosciusko (1746–1817), and addressed to the French Executive Directory in January 1799. Methods and materials. The document is a translation of a letter from the French Executive Directory to General Jourdan, Commander-in-Сhief of the Mainz Army, to which is attached a "Note on the Russians." The document was drawn up on the eve of military operations between Russia and France on the territory of Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. The Directory recommends General Jourdan pay attention to the "Note," which really contains a lot of analytical material and characteristics of the various branches of the Russian army in the battles with which T. Kosciusko recently suffered a number of defeats. The purpose of this publication is to show what vision the French leadership and military command had about the Russian army at the beginning of 1799, what the source of these ideas was, and how these ideas corresponded to reality. T. Kosciusko's combat path, his participation in the battles against the Russian army, and the information and impressions that he could acquire in these battles were analyzed. For this purpose, traditional historical methods were used: comparative-historical, problem-chronological, and anthropological, since a significant part of the "Note" is devoted to the characteristics of a special community – the Cossacks. It was this part of the "Note" that caused its discovery in the fund of the director of the Don Museum in the State Archive of the Rostov Region. Analysis. Creating the Don Museum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Kh.I. Popov attracted not only employees but also everyone to collect materials about the Cossacks. The published document was sent to the Don Museum by an officer of the Don Cossack Regiment, located in Moscow, S.I. Olenev, who copied it from a translation of a letter from the Directory made by the famous collector P.I. Shchukin for his museum in Moscow. In fact, a copy of the translation was published, which caused some stylistic errors in the document. Results. The publisher concluded that some of the data provided by T. Kosciusko to the French Directory was outdated, but in general, the characteristics of the Russian army correspond to reality.

Introduction. The subject of the study is the activity of the Stalingrad Institute for the preparation of collective photographs ("vignettes") of the heroes of the revolution of 1917 and the defense of Tsaritsyn in 1918. Methods. The methods of source studies, archeography, analysis and prosopography were used. Observations and conclusions. In 1932, the Stalingrad "five", the Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad) Historical and Party Commissions direct successor, as the Lower Volga Region Historical and Party Commission division, prepared lists for the placement of participants in the revolutionary events and the defense of Tsaritsyn in 1917–1918 on a collective photograph ("vignette") for the City Defense Museum. The place in the photo depended on the activity and the merits of the veteran of the events of those years. The direct executor was the deputy manager of the Lower Volga Archive Department, secretary of the "five" T.M. Seregin. Being a veteran of the revolutionary movement, the archivist was able to recall and include in the list many of his comrades-in-arms with a mention of their positions and duties. This list contains the names and surnames of 99 real leaders of the revolutionary movement in Tsaritsyn. The disgraced by that time S.K. Minin and his associates are placed here. Moreover, I.V. Stalin is mentioned under No. 24. Then the list underwent thorough editorial work and was reduced to 34, and then to 31 people. In this version, I.V. Stalin appeared in the first place, and then his closest associates were mentioned. S.M. Minin and some members of his team disappeared from the list. Prosopographic analysis shows that the submitted project was unimplemented, since the Tsaritsyn revolutionaries mentioned in the list, including T.M. Seregin, disappeared during the era of the Great Terror. The lists are of great interest to researchers, as they allow them to bring back from oblivion real active participants in the Revolutionary Events and the Defense of Tsaritsyn in 1917–1918.

Introduction. The studies carried out to date on the settlements of the Don Cossacks and the toponymic system associated with them can and should be continued, since they open up prospects for further identifying the images of those with whom the Cossacks waged incessant wars, conquering and protecting the Russian and Don lands. They make it possible to trace the evolution of the development of the images of "us" and "others", as well as to identify the socio-cultural image of the Cossacks themselves, reflected in the characteristics of the "others." Methods and Materials. To solve these problems, field materials were used, collected by the ethnographic expedition of the Volgograd State University, the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1983–2011, as well as the author's personal trips to places of compact residence of the Don Cossacks on the territory of the Volgograd region, and newspapers materials of the second half of the 19th century. Analysis. The analysis showed that the system of toponyms and toponymic folk legends reflected the historical realities associated with the constant military confrontation between the Cossacks and nomadic peoples living in the neighborhood, as well as the respectful attitude of the Cossacks to their enemies. A significant number of toponyms associated with the Tatar and Circassian population, not erased over time in the memory of the Cossacks, but preserved and overgrown with new legends, testifies to how different cultural traditions coexisted peacefully in Diko Pole, despite the extreme nature of life in the zone of constant war. Along with the historical background of the life of the Cossacks, reflected in the toponyms, the mythology of the antithesis "ours and others" is studied, reflecting the Cossack version of social history and eschatology. Results. Analysis of the legends about the ancient inhabitants of the Don land showed that they appear as mythological creatures associated with the other world, secrets, treasures and dungeons, and in the context of folk eschatology they appear as ancestors – those who "left, but promised to return." Over time, the images of alien ancestors are replaced in the Don legends by the images of Cossack chieftains, who are also guardians of treasures and must return "in the end times" to restore social justice in the world. Along with the change in the socio-cultural model of the Cossacks, the image of "aliens" was also transformed from the perception of neighbors-enemies as such to "nonresident" living in Cossack settlements, but not associated with the Cossack military service. At all stages of the history of the Cossacks, the antithesis "we–they" reflected in toponyms and legends, was associated with the military status of the Cossacks and contributed to the search and the strengthening of the group's own identity.

Introduction. The article reveals the peculiarities of the organization of fishing and hunting among the Russian population of the Lower Volga region and the Don in the 18th – 19th centuries, which were associated with the artel (collectivist) beginning. The author shows that the general principles of the organization of male fishing artels of fishermen and hunters find direct analogies with the organizational principles characteristic of archaic male, including military, traditions, for example, for the Cossack communities of the Don and Volga in the early period of their history. Methods and materials. The study was carried out on the basis of data from the periodical press of the 19th century, archival and field materials, reflecting both the fishing activities of the Russian population of the region and the forms of self-organization of the Don Cossacks in the early period of their history. This made it possible to conduct a historical and cultural comparison and identify common or similar norms and principles associated with archaic social institutions. Analysis. Conducting a comparative analysis, the author discovers that these similarities manifest themselves in the traditions of the free seizure of territories and ideas about their land and the common share, in the electability of the leaders of the artels, other officials and the presence of general meetings of its members, in the ways of dividing the loot, in the presence of unwritten law, rituals, prohibitions and regulations. Results. Many of these principles and norms are opposed to those that were typical, for example, for agricultural communities, demonstrating a connection with such categories as "strength", "luck", "competitiveness" on the one hand, and the denial of equality in work and the division of production, on the other. Contrasted with those that were typical, for example, for agricultural communities, demonstrating a connection with such categories as "strength", "luck", "competitiveness" on the one hand, and the denial of equality in work and the division of prey, on the other. Russian colonization of the Don and the Lower Volga area, starting from the 16th century, was carried out mainly by free Cossacks (also engaged in hunting and fishing), and later – by the Russian commercial population. The formation of neighboring land communities in the region began much later (from the beginning of the 18th century). There is reason to assert that the people's "Cossacks" and artel principles were subsequently periodically revived at a later time in the fishing activities of the male part of the population, consolidating in the public consciousness strong stereotypes of survival in extreme living conditions based on deep social and cultural archaism. The actual folk forms of self-organization existed along with official structures, representing a deep layer of social life, some elements of which survived until the end of the 20th century.

Introduction. The article examines traditional and recent factors that affect the situation in the geopolitically significant southern Russian region. The reasons for the actualization of socio-political and ethno-confessional conflicts are considered as factors of possible regional destabilization. Methods and materials. Conflictological diagnostics of the regional tension dynamics, as well as the nature and features of situational and long-term risks to regional security and socio-political stability in the South of Russia are based on factor analysis of Rostov region, Krasnodar Krai, and the Republic of Adygea materials. Analysis. By analyzing the statistics, the authors has revealed the presence of such negative processes in these regions as a decrease in the standard of living, a sharp increase in the unemployment rate, an increase in corruption and crime rates, population decrease, which is provoked by the COVID-19 pandemic – the newest factor of regional tension. Results. It is concluded that socio-economic problems against the background of a pandemic crisis may adversely affect the nature of interethnic and interfaith relations. Competition in the labor market, deterioration of the criminal situation, and uncontrolled migration can be considered as factors of conflict. According to the results of the study, it was found that the destabilization factors of the Rostov region regional situation have an endogenous character: demographic (population decrease), economic (deterioration in the socio-economic situation of the population), growth of protest activity and destructive content in the media. For Krasnodar Krai and the Republic of Adygea, exogenous factors of regional tension remain relevant: there is a high level of external migration for the region. Authors' contribution.The contribution of M.V. Tarasova in writing the article is to form the research logic, develop methodology and tools, and analyze statistical information in Rostov region. The analysis of the regional situation in Krasnodar Krai and Rostov region was carried out by I.V. Yurchenko, and M.V. Dontsova.

Introduction. In the study the authors consider the ways of understanding and overcoming the extreme conditions of the Great Patriotic The task is to define the forms and ways of "overcoming" the war conditions and its traumatizing consequences developed by Russians and to identify their connection with traditional types of worldview and folk ritual practices. Methods and materials. The analysis of folk stories recorded among different generations and rural Russian areas as well as memories about the wartime and the period after the Great Patriotic War compose the base of the article. According to the main task the authors use the method widely used in the Russian Ethnography which is called the "inside the tradition" view, or analysis from the position of its bearers. Analysis. The natural alternation of periods of prosperity and crises explains the inevitability of war, but according to popular beliefs, the impoverishment of the sacred sphere of life is the main factor of a tragedy. On the contrary, human turning to God and his / her repentance determine the possibility of overcoming a tragedy. The concept of "a rule" (and its violation) as well as the concept of "a destiny" (a shared fate) which must be restored and redistributed under the crisis according to popular beliefs play an important role in the mechanism of developing ways to "overcome" the war among the Russians during the wartime. Wartime ritual practices including baking and cutting bread, redistributing it to the front line, organizing joint meals, etc. confirm the statement. The process of the revival of religious (Orthodox) practices, and the formation of a collective memory of the war and the fallen heroes was inspired from below, from the masses. This initiative included folk forms of veneration and remembrance of the dead, the creation of sacred places associated with the war and the memory about it. Women, who became the main keepers of the tradition, who took upon themselves the functions of harmonizing the socio-psychological situation in rural areas during the difficult war and postwar years, were especially active in these processes. Results. The authors confirm the particular role of traditional types of worldview influencing the modern collective memory as well as social practices during both extreme conditions and everyday life. Ordinary people preferred to turn to centuries-old spiritual traditions of overcoming war traumas and to use the experience of preserving collective memory of them formed in the pre-revolutionary time within the peasant and Cossack communities.

Introduction. In modern Russian historiography, an unacceptable situation has developed since the Soviet period in the history of the Cossacks has not yet become the subject of sufficient research attention; therefore, a common vision of the reference points of scientific research has not taken shape. The article is aimed at studying the methodological and historiographic plots of the Soviet history of the Cossacks of the South of Russia in order to clarify unexplored plots and aspects, to determine further directions of scientific research. Methods and materials. We have at our disposal a number of significant historiographic facts that allow us to identify current historiographic trends in the study of the Soviet history of the Cossacks of the South of Russia. To do this, the article uses the method of system analysis and expert evaluation of historiographic facts, which provides the final argumentative logos. In a number of cases, the authors draw on archival materials to clarify and reinforce their positions. Analysis. The Soviet period in the history of the Cossacks of the South of Russia has been studied extremely unevenly, and this leads to distortions in the interpretation of individual problems. Excessive fascination of many modern authors with stories of decossackization creates a historical background of the tragic existence of the Cossacks in the Soviet era. As a result, the mass heroism of the Cossacks during the Great Patriotic War is involuntarily obscured by the difficult historical past and the plots of Cossack collaborationism. Decades of life of many generations of Cossacks are voluntarily or involuntarily deleted from the general history of the Cossacks. Therefore, it is important to identify the whole range of topical issues in the study of the Soviet period in the history of the Cossacks of the South of Russia, where there is also a positive historical experience. Results. The article outlines the established stages in the historiography of the Cossacks of the Soviet era and provides examples of specific studies on certain issues of Cossack history. The main directions of further research are determined with brief characteristics of the named plots. Contribution of authors. The creation of the concept of the article, the development and description of the research methodology, the conceptual apparatus, and the analysis of the involved content belongs to A.P. Skorik. The selection of archival materials and historiographic facts, as well as their primary analysis, was carried out by V.A. Bondarev. Conceptual editing, identification of a number of historiographical trends and addition of source materials with historiographic facts were carried out by G.G. Matishov. The final scientific and literary editing of the text of the article was carried out by A.P. Skorik and V.A. Bondarev.