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The article presents the relationships between the architecture of military hospitals and the changes that have taken place in the organization of hostilities, the attitude towards the army and the soldier, as well as the development of medical technologies. The case of military hospitals highlights the way architecture reflects many insights about the importance and value of each functional element in architectural design and facade solutions. Several of the crucial factors determining the change in the architecture of military hospitals were the shift in the ideology of war and the role of the soldier, the transformation of dominant views concerning medicine and hygiene, and the development of military equipment and weapons. A military hospital has several characteristics specific to this type, which include the closure of the system, the uneven nature of the incoming flow of casualties, and the specific community which makes a military hospital a machine for returning combatants to service. Through the changes in the architecture of military hospitals, it is possible to see the development of medicine, the change in the role of the soldier, the doctor, the division into the classes of "soldiers" and "officers, " military and civil, the attitude to discipline and the organization of treatment, and the development of military technologies. The timeline of the study covers a period of 313 years, during which the architecture of the hospitals has undergone five major changes corresponding to five temporal stages explicated by this paper. Materials for the study include field diaries and notes, historical references, archival materials, books and articles on Russian history, military history and medicine, as well as interviews with military doctors, historians, and gunsmiths. © 2020 National Research University Higher School of Economics.

In the past, despite its abundance of snow, freezing temperatures, and the specifics of its political system, Russia was a land of great opportunity, and the Swiss were the right people to show up at the right place and the right time for Russia. Despite the significant distance between our countries and the differences in history, political system, and national specifics between states, the Russian czarist court, foreign ministry, Russian intelligentsia, merchants, nascent bourgeoisie, and later also the opposition long had their sights on Switzerland. The Swiss Confederation, which was born in 1291, has undergone a long period of evolution spanning more than seven centuries and filled with tough battles both over the territory of the future state and against foreign forces, which, for various reasons, did not like the independent spirit and uniqueness of the state formation on the small area of land in the Alps.

The article considers new forms of the state housing policy. The author argues to establish the federal special fund to support housing mortgage debtors, to complete Tax Code of the Russian Federation with preferences for such debtors, housing cooperatives and their members.

In article authors show the history of evolution of military hospitals in Russia from 1707. More than 300 years are presented in a short to draw a picture of development of this type of buildings. Special attention is devoted to the modern projects and their characteristics. Also authors consider field and mobile hospitals, their constructive peculiar properties and predictable future of this sphere.

The number, species composition and taxonomic structure of fungal biota in the groundwater of natural springs and wells in the Moscow region were determined by сultural method. The number of fungi was low, on average from 10 to 300 colony-forming units (CFU) in 1 liter of water. 6–16 species were isolated from the water of one source or well, and totally 46 species were isolated from 6 studied objects. These were representatives of phylum Mucoromycota class Mucoromycetes (Absidia cylindrospora var. nigra, Mucor circinelloides, M. hiemalis,Rhizopus stolonifer), phylum Ascomycota class Eurotiomycetes (15 species of the generaAspergillusandPenicillium), Sordariomycetes (13 species of the generaAcremonium, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Plectosphaerella, Trichoderma), Dothideomycetes (Alternariaalternata, A. nobilis, Amorocoelophoma cassia, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. sphaerospermum) and – Saccharomycetes (Candida solani, C. zeylanoides, Galactomyces pseudocandidus) and phylum Basidiomycota class Tremellomycetes (Mrakia gelida, Vishniacozyma victoriae) and Agaricomycetes (Phlebia acerina, Psathyrella candolleana, Thanatephorus cucumeris). The established taxonomic structure of fungal biota in the waters of natural springs and wells of the Moscow metropolis is similar to that found in the groundwater of other regions, including of groundwater at the depths of several hundred meters. The possibilities of adaptation of micromycetes to existence in ground water, the sources of its contamination and the need for mycological criteria for assessing water quality are discussed.