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The relationships between organizational static substance knowledge with 'belief', 'the true', 'true belief', or 'justified true belief' have been outlined briefly in 2003. In this article, through combining new research outcomes, I further explore why different kinds of organizational static substance knowledge can be counted as belief, the true, true belief, or justified true belief. The discussion on the subtle differences between belief, the true, true belief and justified true belief will shed light on our comprehensive and intensive understanding of different kinds of organizational knowledge and will enable managers or chief knowledge officers (CKO) to effectively and efficiently manage knowledge related activities in our knowledge era.

AbstractIn this paper I have drawn a brief picture to map the nature of management in modern high‐tech organizations from the viewpoint of critical systems thinking. First, I point out the difference between science and art. Then, following Jackson's classification of different systems approaches such as modernism and postmodernism, I connect modernism with objectivism and collective subjectivism, and postmodernism with individual subjectivism. Through clarifying three ways of knowing/understanding the world and introducing a new knowledge systems model of modern high‐tech corporations, I argue that in the knowledge age, management is both a science and an art. Objects under consideration belonging to different parts of reality require different approaches to deal with. The purpose of this article is to give a brief explanation of why management is both a science and an art, and to inspire further debate and discussion on the essence of management among academics and practitioners. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

When art develops to a certain extent, it is bound to be mixed with traces of religion, and art influenced by religion occupies an important position in the entire history of art development. Looking at the development history of Chinese and Western painting art, we can find that there are indeed many connections between religion and art. The spiritual transmission of religion is carried out using intuition through painting art, and its vital role is reflected in the long history of human civilization. This paper studies the relationship between the philosophical fusion of the original aesthetics of Chinese and Western religious painting and contemporary painting by studying the development and characteristics of religious painting in China and the West. This paper studies the differences between Chinese and Western religious doctrines and how religious figure painting embodies divinity and secularized humanity in terms of painting methods and forms of expression. The study of the philosophical fusion of the original aesthetics of Chinese and Western religious paintings and its influence on contemporary paintings fills the gap in this aspect.

Amid the reduction of US forces in Afghanistan, the search for solutions to the Afghanistan security conundrum calls for regional coordination. Despite limited achievements in the past, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) may be an important contributor to stability in Afghanistan. The SCO brings together powerful regional players (Russia and China) and important neighboring states whose strategic interests are intertwined in Afghanistan. All of them are potential stakeholders in providing regional solutions. In this article we suggest that the role of the SCO would lie in not only regionalizing Afghanistan policymaking but also promoting the country's integration into a regional framework of common interests. (Asian Perspect/GIGA)

Most Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) feature share lockup agreements, which prohibit insiders and other pre-IPO shareholders from selling their shares for a specified period of time following IPO. We explore possible reasons why some IPO firms voluntarily agree to have a much longer lockup period than other firms. We find evidence that lockup agreements are used to control agency costs. Longer lockups are significantly related to inferior long-run returns and this relationship is stronger for firms that have less reputable underwriters. We find no evidence that lockup agreements are used to signal firm quality and we are unable to relate firm quality, as measured by long-run returns, to information asymmetry variables.

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) protein is widely acknowledged as a potential animal protein source due to its large biomass with excellent nutritional and utilisation properties. However, safety assessments of Antarctic krill protein (AKP) are highly warranted before its use as human food. The present work thus assessed the safety of AKP in a Kunming mice model through acute toxicity and a 28-day feeding study, where the Kunming mice were fed with AKP or control diets. In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 10 g/kg bodyweight (BW) AKP caused no death or abnormal effects in male and female mice, and the bodyweight gain remained within the normal range. In the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study, AKP was orally administered to Kunming mice at the doses of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 g/kg BW/day for 28 days. The absolute and relative liver weight gained was only observed in the mice administered with high-dose of AKP. However, this increase was incidental as no weight gain or histopathological alterations were observed in the main groups. These findings were consistent with the normal background lesions in the clinically normal mice used in the present work, which were considered spontaneous and/or incidental in nature and unrelated to the treatment. These results demonstrated that AKP did not exert significant acute and subacute toxicity upon oral administration to Kunming mice.