Suchergebnisse

L'articolazione del lavoro indipendente nell'assetto post-industriale Ivana Fellini Il saggio esplora l'articolazione del lavoro autonomo in Italia, a partire dai principali cambiamenti che lo hanno attraversato nei primi anni '90: nel quadro di una sostanziale stabilitŕ dell'occupazione indipendente, si ridimensionano le forme di lavoro autonomo a carattere imprenditoriale a favore di quelle di autoimpiego. La tendenza č caratterizzata tanto dall'affermazione di nuove forme di occupazione a cavallo tra lavoro subordinato e indipendente (il lavoro in collaborazione), quanto dall'indebolimento, anche nel lavoro in proprio tradizionale (autonomi e lavoro libero- professionale) degli spazi di autonomia piů caratteristici, cioč indipendenza economica, autonomia operativo-gestionale e/o organizzativa. L'affermazione di una vasta area di parasubordinazione e l'arretramento della base autonoma del modello di imprenditorialitŕ diffusa, legata alla transizione postindustriale e ai nuovi caratteri del capitalismo, č probabile indicatore, in Italia, di una fase di sviluppo che non riesce a cogliere le sfide della via "alta" alla flessibilitŕ.

Sulla base dell'indagine Istat Condizione e Integrazione Sociale dei Cittadini Stranieri (2011-2012), l'articolo analizza le traiettorie occupazionali degli immigrati in Italia definite dall'ultima occupazione svolta nel paese di origine, la prima occupazione svolta all'arrivo e l'occupazione svolta all'intervista. Fortissimo è il rischio di declassamento con il primo lavoro, legato a poche e specifiche occupazioni, diverse per immigrati e immigrate, indipendentemente dall'area di origine e dalla qualificazione del lavoro svolto prima di emigrare. Molto scarse sono inoltre le opportunità di recupero con i lavori successivi. Le donne sono maggiormente a rischio di declassamento ed hanno minori chance di mobilità ascendente rispetto agli uomini. Le carriere degli immigrati in Italia non mostrano quell'andamento a U descritto dall'ipotesi dell'assimilazione, risultando simili a quelle rilevate in Spagna dove, al declassamento, segue l'intrappolamento nel mercato del lavoro secondario.

The international literature hypothesized a "U-shaped" pattern of immigrants' occupational trajectories from origin to destination countries due to the imperfect transferability of human capital. However, empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis is available only in single-country studies and for "old," Anglo-Saxon migration countries with deregulated labor markets. This article compares Italy, Spain, and France, providing evidence that the more segmented the labor market, the higher immigrants' occupational downgrade on arrival, independently from skills transferability and other individual characteristics. Paradoxically, the more segmented the labor market, the more important the acquisition of host-country specific human capital for subsequent upward mobility.

Across the major immigrant societies of the European Union, EU-15 countries, migrants and minorities still experience economic disadvantage. This failure of economic integration poses significant questions about the utilization of human capital, the management of mobility and the competitiveness of European labour markets (Cameron, 2011; OECD, 2017). Using a variety of datasets, this special issue pushes the debate forward in several ways. We will consider the integration outcomes of both migrants and second generation minority members in comparison to majority members. Labour market outcomes will be considered broadly: the probability of employment but also overqualification will be taken into account. Offering both analysis of single country cases and a cross-national comparison, the special issue will build a comprehensive picture of the factors associated with labour market disadvantage of migrant men and women, and their descendants—particularly, differential returns to foreign qualifications and educational credentials, differences between public and private sectors placements, and where possible the period of the economic crisis will be examined as well.

Across the major immigrant societies of the European Union, EU-15 countries, migrants and minorities still experience economic disadvantage. This failure of economic integration poses significant questions about the utilization of human capital, the management of mobility and the competitiveness of European labour markets (Cameron, 2011; OECD, 2017). Using a variety of datasets, this special issue pushes the debate forward in several ways. We will consider the integration outcomes of both migrants and second generation minority members in comparison to majority members. Labour market outcomes will be considered broadly: the probability of employment but also overqualification will be taken into account. Offering both analysis of single country cases and a cross-national comparison, the special issue will build a comprehensive picture of the factors associated with labour market disadvantage of migrant men and women, and their descendants—particularly, differential returns to foreign qualifications and educational credentials, differences between public and private sectors placements, and where possible the period of the economic crisis will be examined as well.

Across the major immigrant societies of the European Union, EU-15 countries, migrants and minorities still experience economic disadvantage. This failure of economic integration poses significant questions about the utilization of human capital, the management of mobility and the competitiveness of European labour markets (Cameron, 2011; OECD, 2017). Using a variety of datasets, this special issue pushes the debate forward in several ways. We will consider the integration outcomes of both migrants and second generation minority members in comparison to majority members. Labour market outcomes will be considered broadly: the probability of employment but also overqualification will be taken into account. Offering both analysis of single country cases and a cross-national comparison, the special issue will build a comprehensive picture of the factors associated with labour market disadvantage of migrant men and women, and their descendants - particularly, differential returns to foreign qualifications and educational credentials, differences between public and private sectors placements, and where possible the period of the economic crisis will be examined as well.

L'articolo ha indagato le tendenze della partecipazione e dell'occupazione femminili in Italia negli anni della crisi a partire dalla costruzione (esplorativa) di diversi profili di donne, ancorati ai comportamenti sul mercato del lavoro. Si sono individuati cinque profili, si č analizzata la loro distribuzione e composizione interna nelle due macro aree del paese. Si č quindi analizzato se e come la crisi ha modificato la distribuzione e composizione di tali profili e la variazione intercorsa nel triennio. L'analisi ha evidenziato che i profili assumono caratteristiche molto diverse, in alcuni casi quasi opposte, nei due contesti territoriali e che la crisi ha colpito in particolar modo i profili piů caratterizzati.

Previous research on the Italian case has shown that non-Western immigrants are very likely to hold low-qualified jobs and that their occupational mobility chances are rather poor, which suggests low returns to education. In this paper, we investigate whether, and to what extent, immigrants' different areas of origin moderate the returns to educational degrees obtained in the origin country. Data from a survey on the immigrant population (carried out in 2011-2012) are used, and, differently from previous studies, we focus on returns to origin-country education with respect to both the socioeconomic status of the first job found on arrival and the subsequent occupational mobility. The results show that almost all non-Western immigrants experience remarkably low returns to post-secondary education on their first job. Contrary to other West-European countries, those returns in Italy are only slightly different by area of origin, which suggests that differences in the transferability and quality of skills are scarcely relevant in a strongly segmented labour market. Rather, the modes of labour market insertion- e.g., formal search methods or relying on contacts with natives - have a sizeable impact on the returns. Origin-country post-secondary degrees are also consistently associated with low returns on subsequent mobility, although highly educated immigrants from new EU member states experience higher chances of upward mobility. In line with some recent findings, recognition of educational credentials seems decisive for the very few non-Western immigrants who are able either to access better-qualified jobs on arrival or to improve their occupational status over time.

This article deals with the recruitment and employment of foreign workers in the Italian and Portuguese construction sectors. The two countries show a very similar structure and organisation of the sector. Nevertheless, Italy only 'imports' immigrants for the sector whereas Portugal both imports foreign labour and exports construction workers on the European market. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the occupational structure of foreign workers and of interviews with construction employers in the two countries this article examines such differences and discusses how (also with reference to irregular work and the underground economy) and why the construction sector represents a key sector for the economic insertion and adaptation of immigrants in the Mediterranean area. Skills shortages and labour cost issues are highlighted as factors affecting recruitment of foreigners in a sector characterised by a very high level of deregulation and informality, and in which processes of downsizing on the one hand and externalisation on the other have had as an important outcome the nearly exclusive role of subcontracting in the recruitment of semi- and low-skilled workers.

Die Bauindustrie ist einer der Schlüsselsektoren der Europäischen Wirtschaft und gleichzeitig einer der größten Arbeitgeber innerhalb der Europäischen Union. Sie ist daher auch einer der Schlüsselsektoren für die Arbeitsmigration, mit der Besonderheit, dass trotz Automatisierung und Abbau von Geringqualifizierten die menschliche Arbeitskraft im Vergleich zu anderen Sektoren ein wesentlicher Faktor geblieben ist. Daher ist der Einsatz von ausländischen Arbeitskräften in dieser Branche besonders beliebt: Anstatt Standorte in andere Länder zu verlegen, geht es hier um die Migration von Arbeitskräften. Auch der Anteil an mittelständischen und kleinen Unternehmen, die als Zulieferer oder Subunternehmer für die großen Bauunternehmen fungieren, begünstigt den Einsatz von ausländischen Arbeitnehmern. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschreibt der Beitrag die Situation in sechs europäischen Ländern (BRD, Italien, Niederlande, Portugal, Großbritannien, Schweiz) und versucht, gemeinsame Muster und Strategien der Rekrutierung von ausländischen Arbeitnehmern in der Baubranche zu identifizieren und die Auswirkungen auf die nationalen Arbeitsmärkte der verschiedenen Länder (Liberalisierung, Deregulierung) zu eruieren. (ICH)