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Purpose. This study aimed to examine the effect of a multicomponent intervention program on consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and lifestyle factors associated with SSB intake, in Hispanic children from low-income families. Design. A five-wave longitudinal study using a quasi-experimental design was conducted. Setting. Five elementary schools in West Texas served as the setting. Subjects. Participants included 555 predominantly Hispanic children (ages 5–9 years) from low-income families and their parents (n = 525). Intervention. A multicomponent intervention program was implemented. Measures. Children's anthropometric measures were obtained. Their weight status was determined based on body mass index for age and gender. Parents responded to a demographic questionnaire, a shelf inventory, an acculturation scale, and a family survey. Analysis. Growth curve analyses were used to test differences between intervention and comparison participants' SSB intake and to examine potential covariates. Results. Comparison group children's daily SSB intake significantly increased over time ( B = 1.06 ± .40 ounces per month, p < .01), but this linear increase of SSB was slowed down by the intervention ( B = −.29 ± .12, p < .05). More daily TV time, more fast food intake, and more types of SSBs available at home were associated with higher SSB intake. Conclusion. Risk factors of childhood obesity were associated with each other. The intervention program produced a modest reduction in SSB consumed by economically disadvantaged and predominantly Hispanic children.

Purpose. To examine the effect of parental support on sedentary behaviors among Hispanic children. Design and Setting. A longitudinal quasi-experimental design with five waves of data collection was used to examine the effect of parental support on children's sedentary behaviors in a school-based intervention program in west Texas. Subjects. Hispanic low-income parents and their children of 5 to 9 years (N = 416 child-parent dyads) over a 22-month period (1217 observations). Intervention. Transformation Para Salud was a multicomponent intervention program aimed at prevention and control of childhood overweight and obesity. It used a community-based participatory research approach, including nutrition education, physical exercise, gardening, and family involvement. Measures. Sedentary behaviors were measured by parents' report of their children's daily screen time per week, including TV/DVD, computer, Internet, and video games. Parental support was measured with parents' reported support for active living. Analysis. Growth curve analysis was used to examine trajectories of sedentary behaviors of children. Results. Response rate was over 70%. Parental support reduced children's sedentary behaviors. Girls were less sedentary than boys, but girls were less affected by parental support. The intervention was effective in reducing children's sedentary behaviors over time. Conclusion. It is important for school intervention programs to mobilize parents to provide more support to reduce sedentary behaviors.

This study utilized the contextual model to examine the relationship between distal (Five- Factor Model of Personality), proximal (interpersonal competence), and affective outcome (love, liking) factors in women's perception of their dating relationships. Respondents (n=123
females) completed a questionnaire packet to assess each of the factors. Results indicated that women's personality traits made direct and indirect contributions to liking and love for dating partners. Overall, the findings indicated that both distal and proximal factors contributed to
relationship quality, and provided support for the contextual model.

Increasing numbers of grandparents are raising their grandchildren because of problems within the parental generation such as drug and alcohol addiction, AIDS, divorce, and unemployment. Yet little is known about how grandparents who "parent" or "co‐parent" then‐grandchildren differ from other grandparents, or the extent to which parenting or co‐parenting grandchildren affects grandparent's psychological, physical, or financial well‐being, or feelings of family solidarity. The purpose of this research is to: (1) compare the characteristics of grandparents who go on to parent or co‐parent their grandchildren to grandparents who do not, and (2) assess the effects of entering the two caregiving arrangements — parenting and co‐parenting — on changes in grandparent's psychological, physical, and financial well‐being, as well as their feelings of family solidarity. The data for this study came from 659 grandparents from the USC Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSG) who participated in at least two consecutive waves of data collection measured at three year intervals between 1985 to 1994: parenting grandparents (N = 12), co‐parenting grandparents (N = 27), and non‐parenting grandparents (N = 620). Analysis of the quantitative data reveals that grandparents who parent or co‐parent their grandchildren tend to be younger and less healthy than non‐parenting grandparents. Contrary to expectation, the data also indicate that there is no statistically significant decline in psychological, physical, or financial well‐being, nor in normative or marital solidarity after grandparents begin to caregive. Although the majority of grandparents show stability or improvement in overall psychological well‐being, some show decline. The qualitative data suggests that the extent to which grandparents can choose their level of involvement in caregiving influences and the age of the grandchild, whether they experience caregiving as positive or negative.

Objective To test the network disentangling model for explaining air traffic controllers' (ATCos) conflict resolution performance. The network rigidity index (NRI), and the steps to break the relational complexity network following a central-available-node-first rule, was hypothesized to explain the overall task demand, whereas marginal-effort-decrease rule was expected to explain the actual operational outcome. Background Understanding the conflict resolution process of ATCos is important for aviation safety and efficiency. However, linear models are insufficient. We proposed a new model that ATCos behavior can be largely considered as a process to break the relational complexity network, in which nodes represent the aircraft while links represent the cognitive complexity to understand the aircraft dyad relationship. Method Twenty-one professional ATCos completed 27 conflict resolution scenarios that varied in the NRI and other control variables. Multilevel regression analyses were performed to understand the influence of the NRI on the number of interventions, mental workload, and unresolved rate. A cross-validation was performed to evaluate the predictive power of the model. Results NRI influenced ATCos intervention number in a curvilinear manner, which further leads to ATCo's mental workload. The deviance between the number of interventions and the NRI was strongly linked with unresolved rate. Cross-validation suggests that the models predictions are robust. Conclusion The network disentangling model provides a useful theory-driven way to explain controllers' conflict resolution workload and other important performance outcomes such as intervention probability. Application The proposed model can potentially be used for workload management, sector design, and intelligent decision support tool development.

Purpose. The main purposes of this study were to assess TV viewing among Hispanic young children and to examine effects of having a TV in the child's bedroom (TVIB). Design and Setting. A quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate an intervention program that is collecting longitudinal data in West Texas. However, the current report uses only the baseline data of the ongoing study. Subjects. Predominantly low-income and Hispanic parents/guardians (N = 315) and their children of 5 to 9 years (N = 597). Measures. Children's anthropometric measures were obtained. Their overweight status was determined based on age- and gender-adjusted body mass index. A demographic questionnaire, acculturation scale (brief version of Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans II), and family survey were used among parents. Analysis. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, X2 tests, and logistic regressions were used. Results. Most children (70%) have TVIB; more than 30% were or were at risk of overweight. Demographic characteristics did not significantly predict TVIB. Children with TVIB spent .93 hours more daily watching TV/DVD (t = 3.07; df = 283; p = .003), and children (at one site) ate more fast food (X2 = 5.46; df = 1; p = .019), compared with children without TVIB whose parents better supported physical activity (t = 2.11; df = 275; p = .039). Conclusion. Most children in this low-income and Hispanic sample have TVIB, which is associated with unhealthy behaviors. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[5]:310-318.)

A criação de valor e a vantagem competitiva são temas essenciais para o sucesso das empresas que atuam em mercados primários e secundários. O presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar as diferenças na criação de valor e geração de vantagem competitiva em mercados primários e secundários China-Brasil. Para isto, realizou-se um conjunto de entrevistas com gestores de empresas chinesas e brasileiras. Após a coleta de dados, realizou-se análise de que derivaram em vinte categorias finais: (a) criação de valor no mercado primário sem a presença de intermediário, (b) criação de valor no mercado secundário com a presença de intermediário, (c) vantagem competitiva no mercado primário sem a presença intermediário e (d) vantagem competitiva no mercado secundário com a presença de intermediário. As analises das categorias permitiram estabelecer algumas relações teóricas/empíricas importantes no entendimento da relação da criação de valor e vantagem competitiva em empresas que atuam em mercados primários e secundários.

Increased cost of chronic illnesses in United States is an urgent call to develop a cost effective approach to improve chronic disease self-management, especially among vulnerable populations. An emerging role for professionals and paraprofessionals is the patient navigator. We present an example of a conceptual framework, Transformation for Health, developed to underpin the training of certified community health workers (CHW) to deliver health care, preventive services, and health education for underserved populations to promote chronic disease self-management. Transformacion Para Salud (TPS), a patient navigation model for chronic disease self-management, was a two year demonstration program to develop a culturally sensitive intervention to facilitate patient behavior changes. Patients involved in the TPS intervention showed improvements in clinical and behavioral outcomes after twelve months of intervention. This article describes the conceptual basis and implementation of the TPS and discusses program evaluation, specific intervention outcomes, and implications for practice. Use of CHWs in the patient navigator role demonstrated a cost effective method to improve access to quality, cost-effective, primary health care services as well as to facilitate chronic disease self-management.

Guided by the individualism-collectivism model, the present study examined the relationship between cultural values and marital processes among Chinese native, Chinese residents in America, and North American spouses. Respondents completed a questionnaire which assessed individualism, collectivism and self-disclosure. The results were mixed in their support of the model. As expected, we found that (a) Chinese resident wives were more individualistic than Chinese native wives, (b) Chinese resident husbands were more collectivistic than their North American counterparts, and (c) across gender, Chinese natives disclosed less than both Chinese residents and North Americans. Contrary to individualism-collectivism, however, we found that (a) Chinese resident husbands were more collectivistic than Chinese native husbands, and (b) Chinese native wives were less collectivistic than Chinese resident and North American wives. The empirical and conceptual factors which might have contributed to this pattern of findings are discussed.