Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn cognisance of the urgent need to decarbonise the transport sector to limit its impact on climate change and to internalise other negative transport externalities, regulating vehicle access in urban areas is essential. However, urban areas often struggle to implement these regulations due to concerns relating to social acceptability, heterogeneity of citizen preferences, lack of information on preferred measure attributes, and other factors that can boost the acceptance of urban vehicle access regulations. This study explores the acceptability and willingness to support Urban Vehicle Access Regulations (UVAR) in Budapest, Hungary to reduce transportation emissions and promote sustainable urban mobility. Using a structured questionnaire, which includes a choice-based conjoint exercise, the study finds that 42% of respondents were willing to support a car-free policy measure. Results were analysed to elicit preferences for specific UVAR measure attributes, identify population subgroups, and assess factors influencing willingness to support UVAR implementation. Access fee and proportion of revenue earmarked for transport development were the most important attributes to respondents. The study also identified three distinct subgroups of respondents with differing preferences, which could be characterised based on access to passenger cars, age, and employment status. The findings suggest that for effective UVAR, access fees for non-compliant vehicles should be excluded from measure designs, and the attribute preference approach highlights the importance of considering the heterogeneity of residents' preferences in UVAR measure planning.

Abstract
Background
Urban Vehicle Access Regulations (UVAR) hold great potential to reduce negative transport externalities driven by increased mobility demand and rapid urbanisation. However, as they are potential measures to the wicked problem of climate change mitigation and achieving overall sustainability, their implementation pathways are often complex due to the multidimensionality of sustainability and other challenges. Although decision support tools like the multi-criteria decision analysis might help simplify these complexities, selecting the appropriate criteria based on the peculiarity of UVAR remains pertinent. This study contributes to the sustainable transport decision support literature to address this challenge by identifying relevant criteria for the UVAR measure planning process using the Delphi survey approach.

Results
It begins with 23 criteria systematically selected from scientific literature and clustered into four dimensions in the first round. This was expanded into 30 criteria and five dimensions in the second survey round based on the participating experts' ratings and rankings. The consensus results showed that most of the identified criteria were considered to be of great potential in UVAR measure planning, with public acceptability, stakeholder engagement, political agenda, and the potential impacts on air pollution and accessibility considered the most important.

Conclusions
Apart from helping urban authorities select feasible and effective UVAR measures, the resulting assessment structure will also help identify the main barriers and drivers for UVAR adoption. The assessment structure will also aid the monitoring and evaluation phases of the measures upon implementation.

In this research, U.S. manufacturing activities' life cycle-based carbon and energy footprint impacts have been quantified, taking international trade linkages with the rest of the world into account. The U.S economy has been integrated into a multi-region input-output (MRIO) life cycle assessment framework where total of 40 major economies, including the USA, China, Russia, and others, plus the rest of the world (ROW) were modelled to assess global energy and carbon footprint impacts. Each country's economy is assumed to compromise 35 major industries based on the WIOD database classification. A total of 1435 (41 × 35 = 1435) industries has therefore been taken to represent the global structure of the world economy. The novelty of the approach is that the MRIO model has been developed in a stochastic fashion, plus global trade-linked uncertainties have also been taken into consideration. Top carbon emitting and energy consumer industries and countries have been analysed using data analytics and statistical modelling methods. The results show that the USA is the largest contributor to the total carbon footprint (CFP) and the total energy footprint (EFP) with 81.73% and 84%, respectively. Moreover, the agriculture/hunting forestry/fishing sector and the electricity/gas/water supply sectors dominate the overall U.S. carbon footprint, contributing 22% and 21.28%, respectively. The coke/refined petroleum/nuclear fuel sector has the largest share of the total energy footprint, with 47.9% of the total impacts.

An analysis of economic and social indicators provides a good overview of the situation of a country or region in terms of a service or an industry. These indicators can help determine development, even in a community such as the European Union, to establish rankings and take appropriate strategic decisions at the transport policy level. This study aims to analyse road freight transport's economic and social impact. The analysis of economic and social indicators for freight transport in logistics is presented. The trends in vehicle population change in the EU countries were examined, and the relationship between road freight transport and population development in the countries under study was analysed from an economic point of view. The aim was to explore the effects of transport policy measures taken in the region over the last ten years on freight transport, both economically and socially. The study found no correlation between social and freight transport indicators in the EU Member States. Whereas, there is a correlation in the economic dimension, which may raise further questions, for example, when looking in more detail at the situation of a country within the Community.

This study is based on the research of TIPP - Transport Institutions in the Policy Process - project in the EC's 5th Framework Programme. It is generally acknowledged that the implementation of regulations faces many problems of the existing institutional system. Beside all its affection may thicken on with passing of social, economics and structural changes in the same time. In the course of the transition period nascent and existing circumstances can propose several questions about its equitableness, acceptability and conduciveness and it can be a lesson for the future organising. Hungary is also undergone substantial changes during last decade. This transition created new responsibilities in road management (e.g. creating the possibility of private financing) and strengthened the accounting discipline and transparency, but the implementation of regulations still faces to many problems of the existing institutional system. The missing financial sources for development and the lasting financial funding of maintenance in the road sector lead to a substantially fall in the asset value of the national road network. On the public side - ministry, State motorway company - the continuous structural and regulatory changes resulted in an uncertainty even at the decision making level within the institutions. In Hungary the decision makers like to enhance the State revenue generating financial resources for operation, maintenance and for development as well in future plan. A well-financed and extended motorway network could improve social cohesion and the economic growth, which is still missing in such countries as Hungary. In the Hungarian practice there is a clear tendency that is in cost allocation between road users with commonly accepted pricing principles but time is needed for implementation. This study contributes to achieve these goals discussing the differing common European and Hungarian objectives, and find acceptable criteria to be taken into account in setting up of transport policies in the Hungarian practice.