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Structure, context, and dynamics; various countries; 10 articles. Partial contents: Female participation in the informal economy: a neglected issue, by Michele Hoyman; Developing economies and the informal sector in historical perspective, by Chris Gerry; The second economy of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, by Steven L. Sampson.

The impact of unmanned factories on local communities must be viewed from two perspectives: (1) the historical trends that have disengaged the factory, smokestack or unmanned, from the local community, and (2) the influence of the new technology on community organizations. From a beginning of close association, the factory had disengaged from the local community through the influence of absentee ownership, technology, corporate policy, and managerial mobility. The new technology of the unmanned factory augments these tendencies toward disengagement. We have only speculative information on how the unmanned factory affects the local community, but three broad categories of direct and indirect impacts are indicated: (1) jobs and labor force, (2) the web of suppliers and other supportive firms in the community, and (3) the psychological and medical health of the community.

The impact of unmanned factories on local communities must be viewed from two perspectives: (1) historical trends that have disengaged the factory, smokestack or unmanned, from the local community, & (2) the influence of new technology on community organizations. The factory's original close association with the local community has diminished due to absentee ownership, increased technology, corporate policy, & managerial mobility. The new technology of the unmanned factory augments this disengagement. There is only speculative information on how the unmanned factory affects the local community, but three broad categories of direct & indirect impacts are indicated: (A) employment, ie, jobs & LF; (B) economic, ie, the web of suppliers & other supportive firms in the community, & (C) the health -- both psychological & medical -- of the community. Modified HA.

The premise of this paper is that an evaluator's activity encompasses two distinct dimensions—a logic of inquiry and a system of social interaction that includes the evaluator, the sponsor of the evaluation, and the staff of the agency being evaluated. The influence of the social context is important and shapes some of the considerations of logical inquiry. It is obvious that participants in an evaluation may have varying perspectives on the purpose of evaluation and on how it should be conducted. These conflicting networks of self-interests and values are important data to be considered in any evaluation, and frequently act as a barrier to the involvement of academicians in evaluation activities. These same considerations often influence the utilization of the findings of an evaluation. We are suggesting that as an initial point of reference in utilization, the potential information-user must be involved in the inquiry process as an active participant, giving him an investment in the produced output of the study. Finally, it appears that the use of social science research tools in evaluation is sound, but that difficulties arise from using them in a particular social context.

The premise is that an evaluator's activity encompasses 2 distinct dimensions-a logic of inquiry & a system of soc interaction that includes the evaluator, the sponsor of the evaluation, & the staff of the agency being evaluated. The influence of soc context is important & shapes some of the considerations of logical inquiry. It is obvious that participants in an evaluation may have varying perspectives on the purpose of evaluation & on how it should be conducted. These conflicting networks of self-interests & values are important data to be considered in any evaluation, & frequently act as a barrier to the involvement of academicians in evaluation activities. These same considerations often influence the utilization of the findings of an evaluation. It is suggested that as an initial point of reference in utilization, the potential information-user must be involved in the inquiry process as an active participant, giving him an investment in the produced output of the study. Finally, it appears that the use of soc sci res tools in evaluation is sound, but that difficulties arise from using them in a particular soc context. Modified HA.

After surveying some of the typical content of the informal economy, the authors argue that the most substantial amount of activity in this sector is based on family and community and may not involve an immediate expectation of financial return. It would include local barter, mutual aid and self-help networks as well as other activities such as light construction and repair work. Reliance on such networks, common in preindustrial economies, continues to serve specific needs in industrial and postindustrial societies, filling in where the conventional economy falls short or fails. By its very definition, informal activity is difficult to investigate and monitor and raises questions about the legitimate concerns of government.

After surveying some of the typical content of the informal economy, it is argued that the most substantial amount of activity in this sector is based on family & community, & may not involve an immediate expectation of financial return. It would include local barter, mutual aid, & self-help networks, as well as other activities such as light construction & repair work. Reliance on such networks, common in preindustrial economies, continues to serve specific needs in industrial & postindustrial societies, filling in where the conventional economy falls short or fails. By its very definition, informal activity is difficult to investigate & monitor, & raises questions about the legitimate concerns of government. HA