Suchergebnisse

La crisis del siglo VI a.C. originó transformaciones, como el fin de la economía colonial y de la aristocracia orientalizante, precipitadas por conflictos internos interpretados como la expresión de movimientos contra la población fenicia y la aristocracia local. El nuevo panorama se caracteriza por unas bases sociopolíticas y económicas diferentes que han dejado huella en el registro arqueológico, más por sus ausencias (necrópolis, santuarios, artesanía de lujo) que por la evidencia arqueológica. Así mismo, el siglo V a.C. ha sido definido como un doble fenómeno de transformación y continuidad: transformación en los fundamentos políticos de la coexistencia social –decadencia de la aristocracia gentilicia y emergencia de los valores cívicos– y la consolidación de la ciudad-estado, y continuidad en la estructura de los territorios, aunque fue entonces cuando empezaron a definirse las "fronteras" de las más importantes ciudades, como Carmo. ; The crisis of Tartessos in the Lower Guadalquivir originates transformations during the sixth century BC, with the end of the the Phoenician colonial economy and the orientalizing aristocracy, as well as in the internal conflicts which we interpret as the expression of violent movements against Phoenician population and local aristocracy. The new panorama was characterized by different socio-economic and political foundations that have left a distinct archaeological record of Early Iron Age defined by absences (necropolis, sanctuaries, luxury items) better than by the archaeological evidence. The Fifth century BC was defined by a double phenomenon of transformation and continuity: transformation in the political foundations of social coexistence –decay of the gentile aristocracy and emergence of civic values– and the consolidation of the cities-state, and continuity in the structures of the territories, although it was then that began to define the "boundaries" of the most important cities, including Carmo.

The crisis of Tartessos in the Lower Guadalquivir originates transformations during the sixth century BC, with the end of the the Phoenician colonial economy and the orientalizing aristocracy, as well as in the internal conflicts which we interpret as the expression of violent movements against Phoenician population and local aristocracy. The new panorama was characterized by different socio-economic and political foundations that have left a distinct archaeological record of Early Iron Age defined by absences (necropolis, sanctuaries, luxury items) better than by the archaeological evidence. The Fifth century BC was defined by a double phenomenon of transformation and continuity: transformation in the political foundations of social coexistence –decay of the gentile aristocracy and emergence of civic values– and the consolidation of the cities-state, and continuity in the structures of the territories, although it was then that began to define the "boundaries" of the most important cities, including Carmo. ; La crisis del siglo VI a.C. originó transformaciones, como el fin de la economía colonial y de la aristocracia orientalizante, precipitadas por conflictos internos interpretados como la expresión de movimientos contra la población fenicia y la aristocracia local. El nuevo panorama se caracteriza por unas bases sociopolíticas y económicas diferentes que han dejado huella en el registro arqueológico, más por sus ausencias (necrópolis, santuarios, artesanía de lujo) que por la evidencia arqueológica. Así mismo, el siglo V a.C. ha sido definido como un doble fenómeno de transformación y continuidad: transformación en los fundamentos políticos de la coexistencia social –decadencia de la aristocracia gentilicia y emergencia de los valores cívicos– y la consolidación de la ciudad-estado, y continuidad en la estructura de los territorios, aunque fue entonces cuando empezaron a definirse las "fronteras" de las más importantes ciudades, como Carmo.

ABSTRACTThis paper assesses technical efficiency in the management of non‐performing loans (NPLs) in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) banking industry. To that end, Data Envelopment Analysis techniques are employed with data from the years 2013 to 2016 on a sample of 307 LAC cooperative and commercial banks. Our main contribution to existing literature is that differences of efficiency between cooperative banks and commercial banks are assessed as the result of the different capacities of their managers – managerial efficiency – and the so‐called programme efficiency, which represents differences in the technology used by these two categories of entities. Our principal result suggests that the technology used by cooperative banks in the management of NPLs is more efficient than the technology of commercial banks.

ABSTRACT:  Labour Societies and Cooperatives are both Social Economy enterprises, but with noticeable differences, some of which are imposed by legislation in Spain. The aim of this paper is to study whether such differences affect their management capacity and, in particular, efficiency. In doing so, Data Envelopment Analysis techniques and the metafrontier approach proposed by O'Donnell et al. (2008) are used on a sample of Spanish Labour Societies and Cooperatives belonging to the building industry. Scores of technical efficiency and metafrontier ratios are computed at firm level and, as a novel contribution to existing literature in this field of research, at input‐specific level. The main finding shows that Cooperatives enjoy some technological advantages over Labour Societies, particularly in regard to the management of labour, fixed assets and current assets.

Abstract
Due to the indirect exposure to traumatic realities, social workers may experience emotional responses of vicarious traumatisation or vicarious resilience. Previous research indicated that risk factors (workload and trauma caseload) provoke vicarious traumatisation and that protection factors (recovery experiences and organisational support) can buffer this relationship. However, the empirical testing of these associations was scarce amongst social workers. This cross-sectional study aims to answer two main research questions: (i) can workload and trauma caseload predict vicarious resilience and vicarious trauma? (ii) Can recovery experiences and organisational support mediate the influence of risk factors on emotional responses? A sample of 373 Spanish social workers (87 per cent females) completed a questionnaire online. The structural equation modelling analyses showed that workload and trauma caseload make recovery experiences and organisational support less likely, facilitating the emergence of vicarious trauma. Recovery experiences and organisational support protect people from vicarious trauma and promote vicarious resilience, both directly and by limiting the influence of workload and trauma caseload. These results highlight the need for interventions enhancing recovery experiences and organisational support as a means to promote vicarious resilience and to decrease vicarious trauma. The need to reduce other risk factors, enhancing protective factors, is also noted.

AbstractFew studies have analyzed the existence of homogeneous groups (profiles) in burnout and engagement among professionals, and none in social workers. This study with 448 social workers from Spain mainly examined their profiles in burnout and engagement and the characteristics of each profile in relevant job-related variables. Cluster analyses yielded four distinct profiles: the first, Burned Out, showed high burnout and low engagement; the second, Engaged, exhibited the inverse pattern with low burnout and high engagement; the third, Both, displayed simultaneously high burnout and high engagement; the fourth, Neither, showed low burnout and low engagement. The profiles also differed greatly in work-related variables: job demands (i.e., workload and work-–family conflict), job resources (i.e., support from supervisor and coworkers), personal resources (i.e., psychological detachment and relaxation), and outcomes (i.e., intrinsic job satisfaction and intent to leave). The findings support interventions, individual and organizational, tailored to the characteristics of different groups to boost engagement and decrease burnout and turnover.

Abstract
As a result of secondary exposure to traumatic material, social workers may experience vicarious trauma. However, the analysis of this variable among social workers is scarce. The Vicarious Trauma Scale (VTS) is a brief instrument designed to measure the stress consequence of shared trauma. This study aims to examine the psychometrics of the VTS in a sample of 448 social workers from Spain. The results from the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) indicated that the VTS has satisfactory psychometric properties. Different indices of internal consistency supported the reliability of the VTS. Both EFA and CFA revealed the existence of two factors, corresponding to the cognitive and affective consequences of secondary exposure to trauma. Finally, the correlations of the VTS with other relevant and well-known job variables (workload, work–family conflict, detachment, supervisor support, burnout, and engagement) followed the expected pattern, and the VTS differentiated the social workers by their trauma caseload. Therefore, the VTS can be considered an adequate screening method of social workers' vicarious trauma, and its application recommended to examine the possible risk and protective factors and consequences.

The aim of this research is to study the mediating role of the learning process in explaining the relationships between certain psychological and biographical characteristics and entrepreneurial intention. The findings suggest that the effect of psychological and biographical aspects on entrepreneurial intention depend on the extent to which students are able to take advantage of their personal capabilities in order to develop an effective learning process. Learning process factors (information about course guides, student effort and educational processes) mediate the relationships between specific psychological factors (achievement need, internal control and autonomy) and entrepreneurial intention. With regard to biographical factors, we find no mediating effect on entrepreneurial intention through the learning process. The present study provides a better understanding of the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention, helping to fill the gap in the literature.

The Gram-positive anaerobic human pathogenic bacterium Atopobium vaginae causes most of the cases of bacterial vaginosis and opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. In addition to its well-established role in carbohydrate metabolism, D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from Streptococcus pyogenes and S. pneumoniae have been reported to act as an extracellular virulence factor during streptococcal infections. Here, we report the crystal structure of GAPDH from A. vaginae (AvGAPDH) at 2.19 Å resolution. The refined model has a crystallographic Rfree of 22.6%. AvGAPDH is a homotetramer wherein each subunit is bound to a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) molecule. The AvGAPDH enzyme fulfills essential glycolytic as well as moonlight (non-glycolytic) functions, both of which might be targets of chemotherapeutic intervention. We report that AvGAPDH interacts in vitro with the human C5a anaphylatoxin and inhibits C5a-specific neutrophil chemotaxis, thereby suggesting the participation of AvGAPDH in complement-targeted immunoevasion in a context of infection. The availability of high-quality structures of AvGAPDH and other homologous virulence factors from Gram-positive pathogens is critical for drug discovery programs. In this study, sequence and structural differences between AvGAPDH and related bacterial and eukaryotic GAPDH enzymes are reported in an effort to understand how to subvert the immunoevasive properties of GAPDH and evaluate the potential of AvGAPDH as a druggable target. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI12/01667 to MCV), the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad(CTQ2015-66206- C2-2-R and SAF2015-72961-EXP to MCV and SAF2014-54708-R to JRR), CSIC (201620E064), the Regional Government of Madrid (S2010/BD-2316 to JRR, MCV and SRC), and the European Commission (Framework Programme 7 (FP7)) project ComplexINC (Contract No. 279039 to MCV).AVM was supported by the Comunidad de Madrid (S2010/BMD-2316/2326) and the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (CT46/15). ; Peer reviewed