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The EU has fast reacted in adopting a so-called Next Generation EU Recovery Plan (NGEU) and a 2021-2027 Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) with the aim of overcoming the consequences of the disruptive COVID-19 pandemic for citizens' health and businesses across Europe. However, there have been several political discussions during the negotiations until an agreement was reached on 21 July 2020. A political drift made the positions not just of northern and southern but also eastern and western EU Member States differ. NGEU and the 2021–2027 MFF have posed significant challenge to the notion of solidarity in the EU. Furthermore, these mechanisms have been complemented by the European Central Bank's (ECB) Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP) and the temporary increase of public deficit goals for Member States. Finally, a critical analysis and lessons learnt from the EU strategy to overcome the economic slump provoked by the outbreak.

The Collection of Batrachology and Herpetology of the Spanish Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, has more than two hundred years old, contain about 40.000 specimens. It's the biggest collection of his type in Spain and also the best and the most representive of iberian fauna in the word. It has representation of 273 anfibians species and 473 of reptiles, grouped into 25 and 33 families respectively. The most of them are spanish, but there are significant samples of the european fauna, and faunas of others continents where Spain has politics influence in the past. It's has an importan collection of type specimens and series, as spanish species as sudamerican, african or asiatic specimens. The collection is inventory in 60% and computerized in 45%. There are several "Author collections", since a few initials specimens of Franco Davila collection, passing for Graells', Boscá's, Jiménez de la Espada's collections, and so on. It is a public collection with an annual estimate for management and conservation, for that it can by used by all scientific comunity, also is an ideal institution to placed and to preserve the specimens coming from scientic research, overcoat type specimens. ; La Colección de Batracología y Herpetología del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, con más de doscientos años de antigüedad, está compuesta por cerca de 40.000 ejemplares, constituyendo la mayor colección de España en su materia y, sin duda, la mejor y más representativa de fauna ibérica de anfibios y reptiles del mundo. Posee representación de 273 especies de anfibios y 473 de reptiles, agrupadas en 25 y 33 familias respectivamente. Aunque mayoritariamente ibéricos, existen muestras significativas de la fauna europea, y de aquellos otros continentes en los que en el pasado España tuvo responsabilida política. Posee una importante colección de ejemplares y series tipo, tanto de especies españolas, como sudamericanas, africanas o asiáticas. La colección está inventariada en el 60% e informatizada en su 45%. Existen diversas ...

Full list of authors: Gurvits, Leonid I.; Paragi, Zsolt ; Casasola, Viviana; Conway, John; Davelaar, Jordy; Falcke, Heino; Fender, Rob; Frey, Sándor; Fromm, Christian M.; Miró, Cristina García; Garrett, Michael A.; Giroletti, Marcello; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gómez, José-Luis; van der Gucht, Jeffrey; Guirado, José Carlos; Haiman, Zoltán; Helmich, Frank; Humphreys, Elizabeth; Impellizzeri, Violette; Kramer, Michael; Lindqvist, Michael; Linz, Hendrik; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Mizuno, Yosuke; Rezzolla, Luciano; Roelofs, Freek; Ros, Eduardo; Rygl, Kazi L. J.; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schuster, Karl; Venturi, Tiziana; Wiedner, Martina C.; Zensus, J. Anton.-- This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. ; This paper presents the ESA Voyage 2050 White Paper for a concept of TeraHertz Exploration and Zooming-in for Astrophysics (THEZA). It addresses the science case and some implementation issues of a space-borne radio interferometric system for ultra-sharp imaging of celestial radio sources at the level of angular resolution down to (sub-) microarcseconds. THEZA focuses at millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelengths (frequencies above ∼ 300 GHz), but allows for science operations at longer wavelengths too. The THEZA concept science rationale is focused on the physics of spacetime in the vicinity of supermassive black holes as the leading science driver. The main aim of the concept is to facilitate a major leap by providing researchers with orders of magnitude improvements in the resolution and dynamic range in direct imaging studies of the most exotic objects in the Universe, black holes. The concept will open up a sizeable range of hitherto unreachable parameters of observational astrophysics. It unifies two major lines of development of space-borne radio astronomy of the past decades: Space VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) and mm- and sub-mm astrophysical studies with "single dish" instruments. It also builds upon the recent success of the Earth-based Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) – the first-ever direct image of a shadow of the super-massive black hole in the centre of the galaxy M87. As an amalgam of these three major areas of modern observational astrophysics, THEZA aims at facilitating a breakthrough in high-resolution high image quality studies in the millimetre and sub-millimetre domain of the electromagnetic spectrum. © 2021, The Author(s). ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed

Abstract. Humans are responsible for most forest fires in Europe, but anthropogenic factors behind these events are still poorly understood. We tried to identify the driving factors of human-caused fire occurrence in Spain by applying two different statistical approaches. Firstly, assuming stationary processes for the whole country, we created models based on multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression to find factors associated with fire density and fire presence, respectively. Secondly, we used geographically weighted regression (GWR) to better understand and explore the local and regional variations of those factors behind human-caused fire occurrence. The number of human-caused fires occurring within a 25-yr period (1983–2007) was computed for each of the 7638 Spanish mainland municipalities, creating a binary variable (fire/no fire) to develop logistic models, and a continuous variable (fire density) to build standard linear regression models. A total of 383 657 fires were registered in the study dataset. The binary logistic model, which estimates the probability of having/not having a fire, successfully classified 76.4% of the total observations, while the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model explained 53% of the variation of the fire density patterns (adjusted R2 = 0.53). Both approaches confirmed, in addition to forest and climatic variables, the importance of variables related with agrarian activities, land abandonment, rural population exodus and developmental processes as underlying factors of fire occurrence. For the GWR approach, the explanatory power of the GW linear model for fire density using an adaptive bandwidth increased from 53% to 67%, while for the GW logistic model the correctly classified observations improved only slightly, from 76.4% to 78.4%, but significantly according to the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), from 3451.19 to 3321.19. The results from GWR indicated a significant spatial variation in the local parameter estimates for all the variables and an important reduction of the autocorrelation in the residuals of the GW linear model. Despite the fitting improvement of local models, GW regression, more than an alternative to "global" or traditional regression modelling, seems to be a valuable complement to explore the non-stationary relationships between the response variable and the explanatory variables. The synergy of global and local modelling provides insights into fire management and policy and helps further our understanding of the fire problem over large areas while at the same time recognizing its local character.

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AbstractArriaza et al (Metrika 82:99–124, 2019) introduced the right and left shape functions, which enjoy interesting properties in terms of describing the global form of a distribution. This paper proposes and studies nonparametric estimators of those functions. The estimators involve nonparametric estimation of the quantile and density functions. Pointwise and uniform consistency are proved under general regularity assumptions, as well as the limit in law. Simulations are included to study the practical performance of the proposed estimators. The analysis of a real data set illustrates the methodology.