Suchergebnisse

[SPA] Esta tesis doctoral se presenta bajo la modalidad de compendio de publicaciones. Tradicionalmente, servicios como la regulación y mantenimiento de la frecuencia de los sistemas eléctricos, cobertura de la demanda eléctrica o la existencia de las reservas rodantes (spinning reserves) han sido suministrados y asegurados por las fuentes de generación de energía eléctrica tradicionales. Sin embargo, los sistemas eléctricos han sufrido una serie de cambios en los últimos años que están afectando de manera directa al propio funcionamiento de los mismos. Por un lado, el aumento constante del consumo de energía y de la intensidad del propio uso energético, unido al aumento de las restricciones legislativas medioambientales, y por otro el concepto de la energía eléctrica como un producto comercial junto con la liberalización de los mercados energéticos, hacen que se tambaleen algunas de las premisas hasta ahora asumidas. En este sentido, y en un entorno de promoción de recursos renovables, hace que los servicios hasta ahora proporcionados sólo por la generación clásica deben también ser compartidos por todos los puntos de generación. No obstante, la alta penetración de este tipo de fuentes renovables en el sector eléctrico acarrea una seria de cuestiones derivadas de sus características y peculiaridades que es necesario abordar antes de proceder de manera masiva a su integración y, por tanto, a la independencia de la generación convencional. Adicionalmente, y debido a la naturaleza variable de la generación renovable (principalmente el viento y el sol) recobra mayor importancia el asegurar por parte de los organismos reguladores una reserva energética que permita actuar de manera eficiente y fiel en casos de desequilibrio de potencias. En este nuevo escenario, en el que el director de tesis ha trabajado a lo largo de la última década, se hace necesario contar con el desarrollo y adaptación de nuevas herramientas y soluciones que faciliten la integración de fuentes renovables sin que ello suponga una merma en las capacidades del sistema eléctrico en términos de estabilidad y de respuesta ante contingencias. Así pues, el objetivo principal de esta tesis consiste en el estudio, implementación y evaluación de sistemas eléctricos con alta penetración de recurso eólico y fotovoltaico con el fin de evaluar posibles soluciones para emular inercias virtuales y respuestas similares a las que se obtendrían con generación clásica, integrando así de manera efectiva el recurso renovable al control de la frecuencia del sistema eléctrico. En este escenario, resultaría crucial poder aliviar en parte las necesidades de almacenamiento de energía a los puntos de generación mediante la implementación de estrategias alternativas de control de respuesta ante excursiones de frecuencia en las unidades renovables, aportando éstas el apoyo necesario para mantener la frecuencia de red dentro de los límites establecidos. Por tanto, la solución aquí estudiada favorecería la integración masiva de recursos renovables, dentro de un escenario de estabilidad del sistema eléctrico apoyado por estas instalaciones, y donde la eliminación paulatina de elementos rotativos directamente conectados a la red debe sustituirse y/o emularse de manera que el sistema eléctrico ofrezca la misma fiabilidad que se percibe ante la presencia de generación convencional. Sólo así se conseguirá fomentar de manera argumentada las posibilidades tangibles de integración a gran escala de recursos renovables, adelantándonos a las necesidades que surgirán de manera inevitable como consecuencia de la disminución inicial de inercia del sistema (entendida de una manera clásica como elementos rotativos directamente conectados a red) y como consecuencia de la entrada de fuentes que poseen una variabilidad en sus niveles de generación. Destacar igualmente la importancia cada vez mayor del control de la frecuencia del sistema eléctrico, debido a la sensibilidad y dependencia que poseen de este parámetro la mayoría de las cargas y equipos con algún tipo de etapa de electrónica de potencia. ; [ENG] This doctoral dissertation has been presented in the form of thesis by publication. Over the last decades, most countries have been suffering an electrical energy transition, changing from a model based on non-renewable sources (mainly based on fossil fuels), to a new framework characterised by the integration of renewable energy resources (RES). These important changes have been mainly supported by the development of power electronics, environmental protection policies, and the need to reduce energy dependence on third countries. Moreover, the electrical sector stands out because of the diversity and heterogeneity of sources that can generate electricity. As a result, the current electrical scenario includes a high interest in the integration of variable renewable energy sources (vRES) shifting towards a new generation mix. In fact, these vRES (mainly photovoltaic and wind power installations) already play a relevant role, as some European countries have experienced generation levels over 50% during some time-periods of last years. As aforementioned, the two most mature renewable resources integrated into power systems are solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power (especially variable speed wind turbines, VSWTs). Together with the integration of these two sources, and in contrast to traditional grids based on conventional power plants (i.e., hydro-power, thermal, and nuclear power plants), several important issues have emerged, needing to be analysed, assessed, and resolved. ; Los artículos que constituyen la tesis son los siguientes: 1. Fernández-Guillamón, Ana & Gómez-Lázaro, Emilio & Muljadi, Eduard & Molina-García, Ángel, 2019. "Power systems with high renewable energy sources: A review of inertia and frequency control strategies over time," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C). 2. Ana Fernández-Guillamón & Jorge Villena-Lapaz & Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez & Tania García-Sánchez & Ángel Molina-García, 2018. "An Adaptive Frequency Strategy for Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Application to High Wind Integration Into Power Systems,"Energies, MDPI, Open Access Journal, vol. 11(6), pages 1-21, June. 3. Fernández-Guillamón, A.; Vigueras-Rodríguez, A.; Gómez-Lázaro, E.; Molina-García, Á. Fast Power Reserve Emulation Strategy for VSWT Supporting Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power Systems. Energies 2018, 11, 2775. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102775. 4. Fernández-Guillamón, Ana & Sarasúa, José & Chazarra, Manuel & Vigueras-Rodríguez, Antonio & Fernández-Muñoz, Daniel & Molina-Garcia, Ángel. (2020). Frequency control analysis based on unit commitment schemes with high wind power integration: A Spanish isolated power system case study. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 121. 106044. 10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106044. 5. Fernández‐Guillamón, A., Vigueras‐Rodríguez, A. and Molina‐García, Á. (2019), Analysis of power system inertia estimation in high wind power plant integration scenarios. IET Renewable Power Generation, 13: 2807-2816. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2019.0220. 6. Fernández Guillamón, Ana; Martínez de Lucas, Guillermo; Molina García, Ángel y Sarasúa Moreno, José Ignacio (2020). An Adaptive Control Scheme for Variable Speed Wind Turbines Providing Frequency Regulation in Isolated Power Systems with Thermal Generation."Energies", v. 13 (n. 13); p. 3369. ISSN 1996-1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133369. 7. Fernández-Guillamón, A.; Martínez-Lucas, G.; Molina-García, Á.; Sarasua, J.-I. Hybrid Wind–PV Frequency Control Strategy under Variable Weather Conditions in Isolated Power Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187750. 8. Fernández-Guillamón, Ana & Gomez-Lazaro, Emilio & Molina-Garcia, Ángel. (2020). Extensive frequency response and inertia analysis under high renewable energy source integration scenarios: application to the European interconnected power system. ; Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena ; Programa de Doctorado en Energías Renovables y Eficiencia Energética

[EN] Wind power plants depend greatly on weather conditions, thus being considered intermittent, uncertain and non-dispatchable. Due to the massive integration of this energy resource in the recent decades, it is important that transmission and distribution system operators are able to model their electrical behaviour in terms of steady-state power flow, transient dynamic stability, and short-circuit currents. Consequently, in 2015, the International Electrotechnical Commission published Standard IEC 61400-27-1, which includes generic models for wind power generation in order to estimate the electrical characteristics of wind turbines at the connection point. This paper presents, describes and details the models for wind turbine topologies Types 1 and 2 following IEC 61400-27-1 for electrical simulation purposes, including the values for the parameters for the different subsystems. A hardware-in-the-loop combined with a real-time simulator is also used to analyse the response of such wind turbine topologies under voltage dips. The evolution of active and reactive powers is discussed, together with the wind turbine rotor and generator rotational speeds. ; This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Union -FEDER Funds, ENE2016-78214-C2-1-R-; and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports -ref. FPU16/04282-. ; García-Sánchez, TM.; Muñoz-Benavente, I.; Gómez-Lázaro, E.; Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). Modelling Type 1 and 2 Wind Turbines based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips. Energies. 13(16):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164078 ; S ; 1 ; 19 ; 13 ; 16 ; Fernández-Guillamón, A., Villena-Lapaz, J., Vigueras-Rodríguez, A., García-Sánchez, T., & Molina-García, Á. (2018). An Adaptive Frequency Strategy for Variable Speed Wind Turbines: Application to High Wind Integration Into Power Systems. Energies, 11(6), 1436. doi:10.3390/en11061436 ; Fernández-Guillamón, A., Das, K., Cutululis, N. A., & Molina-García, Á. ...

The integration of renewables into power systems is a key transformation for mitigating climate change and reducing fossil-fuel dependence. Among the different resources, wind participation has become crucial in recent decades—both onshore and offshore wind power plants. However, assuming the useful life of the wind turbines at approximately 20 years, different solutions should be discussed to overcome the turbine's aging problem. In the coming years, some countries within the wind sector will face the decision of partially or totally repowering or dismantling their turbines. This paper reviews different repowering strategies and contributions from a multifactorial perspective. A set of categories is defined by the authors and those multifactorial parameters are then classified according to such categories: technical, economic, environmental, social, and political. From each category, the most relevant factors to be considered for repowering decision-making purposes are identified and discussed. According to the specific literature, more than 90% of the reviewed contributions are focused on onshore wind power plant repowering actions. This percentage is in line with onshore and offshore wind generation units installed in recent decades. The reviewed studies show that Germany has a major number of contributions. Regarding offshore repowering strategies, all contributions propose a multifactorial analysis, in contrast to onshore repowering strategies where only 68% of the authors carry out a multifactorial analysis. The revised repowering methodologies and the categorization of factors can also be used by the repowering market, as a useful tool in the near future. ; 2020-21

Wind power is widely considered to be a qualified renewable, clean, ecological and inexhaustible resource that is becoming a leader in the current energy transition process. It is a mature technology solution that was quickly developed and has been massively integrated into power systems in recent years. Indeed, a remarkable number of renewable integration policies have been promoted by different governments and countries. With the aim of maximizing the power given by wind resources, the locations of both onshore and offshore wind power plants must be optimized following a sort of different criteria. Under this scenario, a number of factors and decision criteria in the evaluation and selection of locations can be identified. Moreover, the relevant wind power increasing in the power generation mix is addressed, along with a standardization of factors and decision criteria in the optimization and selection of such optimal locations. In this context, this paper describes a systematic review and meta-analysis combining most of the contributions and studies proposed during the last decade. Thus, our aim is focused on reviewing and categorizing all factors to be considered for optimal location estimation, pointing out the differences among the selected factors and the decision criteria for onshore and offshore wind power plants. In addition, our review also includes an analysis of the representative key indicators for the contributions, such as the annual frequency of publications, geographical classification, analysis by category, evaluation method and determining factors. ; 2019-20

Wind power is widely considered to be a qualified renewable, clean, ecological and inexhaustible resource that is becoming a leader in the current energy transition process. It is a mature technology solution that was quickly developed and has been massively integrated into power systems in recent years. Indeed, a remarkable number of renewable integration policies have been promoted by different governments and countries. With the aim of maximizing the power given by wind resources, the locations of both onshore and offshore wind power plants must be optimized following a sort of different criteria. Under this scenario, a number of factors and decision criteria in the evaluation and selection of locations can be identified. Moreover, the relevant wind power increasing in the power generation mix is addressed, along with a standardization of factors and decision criteria in the optimization and selection of such optimal locations. In this context, this paper describes a systematic review and meta-analysis combining most of the contributions and studies proposed during the last decade. Thus, our aim is focused on reviewing and categorizing all factors to be considered for optimal location estimation, pointing out the differences among the selected factors and the decision criteria for onshore and offshore wind power plants. In addition, our review also includes an analysis of the representative key indicators for the contributions, such as the annual frequency of publications, geographical classification, analysis by category, evaluation method and determining factors. ; This work was supported by 'Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte' of Spain (grant number FPU16/04282). This research received no external funding.

1 16 13 21 ; S García-Sánchez, T., Muñoz-Benavente, I., Gómez-Lázaro, E., & Fernández-Guillamón, A. (2020). Modelling Types 1 and 2 Wind Turbines Based on IEC 61400-27-1: Transient Response under Voltage Dips. Energies, 13(16), 4078. doi:10.3390/en13164078 Muhsen, H., Al-Kouz, W., & Khan, W. (2019). Small Wind Turbine Blade Design and Optimization. Symmetry, 12(1), 18. doi:10.3390/sym12010018 Anelion SW 3.5 GThttps://www.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/950-anelion-sw-3.5-gt ; Das, K., Hansen, A. D., & Sørensen, P. E. (2016). Understanding IEC standard wind turbine models using SimPowerSystems. Wind Engineering, 40(3), 212-227. doi:10.1177/0309524x16642058 ; [EN] Currently, wind power is the fastest-growing means of electricity generation in the world. To obtain the maximum efficiency from the wind energy conversion system, it is important that the control strategy design is carried out in the best possible way. In fact, besides regulating the frequency and output voltage of the electrical signal, these strategies should also extract energy from wind power at the maximum level of efficiency. With advances in micro-controllers and electronic components, the design and implementation of efficient controllers are steadily improving. This paper presents a maximum power point tracking controller scheme for a small wind energy conversion system with a variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generator. With the controller, the system extracts optimum possible power from the wind speed reaching the wind turbine and feeds it to the grid at constant voltage and frequency based on the AC-DC-AC conversion system. A MATLAB/SimPowerSystems environment was used to carry out the simulations of the system. Simulation results were analyzed under variable wind speed and load conditions, exhibiting the performance of the proposed controller. It was observed that the controllers can extract maximum power and regulate the voltage and frequency under such variable conditions. Extensive results are included in the ...

Wind power plants are becoming a generally accepted resource in the generation mix of many utilities. At the same time, the size and the power rating of individual wind turbines have increased considerably. Under these circumstances, the sector is increasingly demanding an accurate characterization of vertical wind speed profiles to estimate properly the incoming wind speed at the rotor swept area and, consequently, assess the potential for a wind power plant site. The present paper describes a shape-based clustering characterization and visualization of real vertical wind speed data. The proposed solution allows us to identify the most likely vertical wind speed patterns for a specific location based on real wind speed measurements. Moreover, this clustering approach also provides characterization and classification of such vertical wind profiles. This solution is highly suitable for a large amount of data collected by remote sensing equipment, where wind speed values at different heights within the rotor swept area are available for subsequent analysis. The methodology is based on z-normalization, shape-based distance metric solution and the Ward-hierarchical clustering method. Real vertical wind speed profile data corresponding to a Spanish wind power plant and collected by using a commercialWindcube equipment during several months are used to assess the proposed characterization and clustering process, involving more than 100000 wind speed data values. All analyses have been implemented using open-source R-software. From the results, at least four different vertical wind speed patterns are identified to characterize properly over 90% of the collected wind speed data along the day. Therefore, alternative analytical function criteria should be subsequently proposed for vertical wind speed characterization purposes. ; The authors are grateful for the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of the Economy and Competitiveness and the European Union —ENE2016-78214-C2-2-R—and the Spanish Education, Culture and Sport Ministry —FPU16/0428