Suchergebnisse

Road traffic significantly contributes to urban air pollution as means of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions [1]. Despite the deployment of clean powertrains, internal combustion engines are the most widely used technology in the European Union; gasoline- and diesel-fueled represented around 90% of passenger cars sold between 2014 to 2017 [2]. The amount of exhaust gases emitted by motor vehicles depend on speed profile, vehicle type, traffic volumes and intersections [3]. Roundabouts have been considered and built around the world to replace intersections previously controlled by traffic lights as a means of improving operational performance, at least in certain flow range [4]. These latter ones are considered pollution hotspots locations, due to speed changes cycle around them [5] [6]. Despite the demonstrated benefits in terms of traffic flow, delay reducing and safety [7], roundabouts raised some doubts concerning emissions performance [8]. Bearing this in mind, this paper compares vehicle activity and on-road emission data in three different roundabouts in rural roads: a compact two-lane, a multi-lane and a single lane roundabout in Aveiro, Portugal. It was hypothesized that carbon dioxide (CO2) and NOx emissions, engine speed and the relative positive acceleration (RPA) are impacted by the differences in the approaching and conflicting traffic volumes, the volume-to-capacity ratio and the roundabout layout. Input data such as approaching and circulating traffic volumes, and queue length were collected by videos cameras installed at the studied locations. Field measurements were carried out with two light duty vehicles (gasoline and diesel), using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) to measure CO2 and NOX volumetric concentrations. Alongside, an OBD-II scan interface record vehicle speed data, engine speed and acceleration. After that, a relationship between congestion level of roundabouts and occurrence of each speed profile (no stop – I, stop once – II and multiple ...

Objective: To contribute for drawing the baselines for the salt content of soups, breakfast cereals, bread and cheese, and the sugar content of yogurts and breakfast cereals in Portugal, in 2018. To gather evidence, for the Portuguese Governmental Authorities to support, validate and promote, near the industry, the necessary reductions to the values that are intended to be achieved in 2021. ; N/A