Suchergebnisse

Informe SESPAS ; [ES] Las crisis económicas pasadas han aumentado el impacto de algunas enfermedades transmisibles sobre todo a través de grupos especialmente vulnerables a las consecuencias sociales y sanitarias que producen. Sin embargo, se ha evidenciado que su repercusión depende en gran medida de la respuesta con que las enfrentan gobierno y población de los países afectados. Se razona sobre las consecuencias de la crisis actual en la cadena causal de la patología infecciosa, incluida la respuesta del sistema sanitario, y se explora si en España hay alguna evidencia de su repercusión. Se parte de que el posible efecto sobre las condiciones de vida y trabajo procede del endeudamiento público y privado sumado al alto nivel de paro como rasgos definitorios de la crisis. Se destacan las consecuencias negativas que pueden tener los recortes de atención sanitaria sobre las poblaciones vulnerables, en parte excluidas con la reciente reforma de la cobertura sanitaria. Se comparan datos de mortalidad y morbilidad de dos periodos, antes y después de 2008, integrando en lo posible las tendencias observadas y los informes institucionales. En general no se aprecia todavía un efecto sobre la patología infecciosa, pero se detectan algunos indicios de empeoramiento compatibles con los efectos de la crisis que requieren ser seguidos y contrastados. Se revisan las limitaciones de las fuentes consultadas, que pueden no ser suficientemente sensibles ni actualizadas para detectar cambios que requieran un tiempo de latencia para manifestarse. Se recomienda no recortar y mejorar los recursos en la vigilancia de esta patología, y garantizar una respuesta sociosanitaria equitativa, dirigida a los más afectados por la crisis. [EN] Past economic crises have increased the impact of communicable diseases especially on groups particularly vulnerable to the social and health consequences of the recession. However, it has been shown that the impact of these crises largely depends on the response of governments and the inhabitants of affected countries. We describe the consequences of the current crisis in the causal chain of infectious disease, including the response of the health system, and explore whether there is evidence of its impact in Spain. It is assumed that the possible effect of the crisis on living and working conditions is due to individual and social debt coupled with high unemployment as defining features of the crisis. We highlight the potential negative consequences of healthcare cuts on vulnerable populations, which have been partly excluded with the recent reform of health coverage. We compare mortality and morbidity data between two periods: before and after 2008, integrating, where possible, observed trends and institutional reports. Overall, no effect on infectious disease has been detected so far, although some signs of worsening, which could be compatible with the effects of the crisis, have been observed and need to be monitored and confirmed. We review the limitations of data sources that may not be sufficiently sensitive or up-to-date to detect changes that may require a latency period to become manifest. Instead of cutting resources, surveillance of these diseases should be improved, and an equitable social health response, which targets the population most affected by the crisis, should be guaranteed. ; Sí

Spain implemented a partial smoking ban in 2006 followed by a comprehensive ban in 2011. The objective was to examine the association between these smoke-free policies and different perinatal complications. Cross-sectional study including all live births between 2000 and 2013. Selected adverse birth outcomes were: preterm births (<37 gestational weeks), small for gestational age (SGA; <10th weight percentile according to Spanish reference tables), and low birth weight (<2500 g). We estimated immediate and gradual rate changes after smoking bans by using overdispersed Poisson models with different linear trends for 2000 to 2005 (preban), 2006 to 2010 (partial ban), and 2011 to 2013 (comprehensive ban). Models were adjusted for maternal sociodemographics, health care during the delivery, and smoking prevalence during pregnancy. The comprehensive ban was associated with preterm birth rate reductions of 4.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.9%-6.1%) and 4.1% (95% CI: 2.5%-5.6%) immediately and 1 year after implementation, respectively. The low birth weight rate also dropped immediately (2.3%; 95% CI: 0.7%-3.8%) and 1 year after the comprehensive ban implementation (3.5%; 95% CI: 2.1%-5.0%). There was an immediate reduction in the SGA rate at the onset of the partial ban (4.9%; 95% CI: 3.5%-6.2%), which was sustained 1 year postimplementation. Although not associated with the comprehensive ban at the onset, the SGA rate declined by 1.7% (95% CI: 0.3%-3.1%) 1 year postimplementation. The implementation of the Spanish smoke-free policies was associated with a risk reduction for preterm births and low birth weight infants, especially with the introduction of the more restrictive ban. ; Supported by grant FIS PI11/01276 from the Institute of Health Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness ; Sí