Suchergebnisse

The Recognition of environmental benefits program (« Reconocimiento de Beneficios Ambientales », RBA) in Costa Rica and Agri-Environmental Measures (AEM) in France are incentive instruments of agricultural policies to protect the environment. We draw lessons from a multicriteria comparative analysis of the application of these two instruments in Guanacaste in Costa Rica and Guadeloupe in France. Surveys were conducted with policy makers and with beneficiaries. In both studied cases, governance remains dominated by actors of the agricultural sector and programs are effective in the sense that they achieve the objectives that were defined (increase of improved pastures for the RBA, decrease of pesticide use for AEM). However the additionality of the programs is not clear. The two case studies have differences on equity in the distribution of public funds. Costa Rica has implemented concrete and specific modalities of aid capping. However, the small amount of the allocated budget limits the incentive character. In Guadeloupe, the distribution of funds allocated to the AEM reproduces the existing inequality in the distribution of public funds. The AEM budget is concentrated on key sectors that already benefit from most of the subsidies. Equity has emerged as a concern for policy makers and induced inflection in the modalities of implementation. These results highlight the importance of governance in the orientation and results of these incentive instruments. ; Le programme de Reconnaissance des bénéfices environnementaux (« Reconocimiento de Beneficios Ambientales », RBA) au Costa Rica et les Mesures Agri-Environnementales (MAE) en France font partie des instruments incitatifs de politiques agricoles visant à protéger l'environnement. À partir d'une analyse comparée multicritère de l'application de ces deux instruments dans le Guanacaste au Costa Rica et en Guadeloupe en France, nous caractérisons les potentiels et les limites des politiques agricoles visant à favoriser la provision de services environnementaux en ...

Bien que ses performances fassent l'objet de débats, le programme national de paiements pour services environnementaux du Costa Rica (PPSE) est considéré comme une réussite en termes de contribution à la récupération du couvert forestier. Cet article vise à caractériser la contribution spécifique des organisations intermédiaires locales à la mise en oeuvre et aux résultats du PPSE. Nous montrons que ces organisations sont diverses et contribuent aux performances environnementales et sociales du PPSE, non pas en réduisant les coûts d'accès des bénéficiaires au programme mais en fournissant une large gamme de services d'appui aux propriétaires forestiers qui facilitent leur accès au programme et la valorisation des usages du sol préconisés par le PPSE.

La red de trabajo denominada "Políticas Públicas para Desarrollo Rural en América Latina" se constituye a partir del taller de formación y programación "Análisis de políticas públicas de desarrollo territorial en América Latina", el cual fue organizado conjuntamente por la UMR Art?Dev del Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) y el Centro Internacional de Política Económica para el Desarrollo Sostenible (CINPE), de la Universidad Nacional, y efectuado del 21 al 25 de noviembre de 2011. El evento reunió a 30 investigadores especializados en temas de desarrollo rural y territorial, provenientes de México, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Brasil, Chile, África del Sur y Francia. Los objetivos del taller fueron: (1) Intercambiar resultados, métodos y referencias sobre el análisis de las políticas públicas y desarrollo territorial en América Latina; (2) Capacitar los participantes en aspectos metodológicos e conceptuales sobre el análisis de las políticas públicas y desarrollo territorial en América Latina y (3) Preparar elementos de elaboración de nuevos proyectos de investigación comunes, respuestas a licitaciones y a actividades de intercambio, capacitación/formación y animación científica. Durante la fase de formación del taller se hicieron varias ponencias que abordaron las siguientes cuatro áreas temáticas, definidas previamente como áreas claves en esta fase: (1) Territorialización de políticas públicas; (2) Gobernanza de las políticas y dispositivos de desarrollo territorial; (3) Análisis multi?nivel de políticas públicas; y (4) Evaluación de políticas de desarrollo territorial. La discusión generada sobre estos cuatro ejes temáticos derivó en la conformación de los siguientes tres ejes de trabajo conjunto (fase de programación): (1) Gobernanza de políticas públicas de desarrollo territorial (con un énfasis de comparación de casos entre América Latina y con Europa); (2) Coordinación de dispositivos locales (énfasis en participación y actores intermediarios); y (3) Cadenas y territorios (énfasis en llevar el análisis de cadenas a una dimensión espacial). La fase de programación se completó con la definición de equipos de trabajo (uno por eje), con sus respectivos animadores, la identificación de actividades de difusión (eventos internacionales, publicaciones, creación de sitio web) y la identificación de fuentes de financiamiento para futuras propuestas de investigación que surgen de los equipos definidos. La red se mantenga activa en la medida en que los grupos mantengan los compromisos definidos en la matriz de actividades definida durante el último día de trabajo.

Cet article analyse l'émergence puis la mise en oeuvre de la loi d'appui à l'agriculture biologique au Costa Rica à partir d'une revue des travaux antérieurs et des textes de loi ainsi que d'entretiens conduits au niveau national. Le processus d'élaboration de la loi est marqué par la capacité des mouvements sociaux de l'agroécologie, alliés à des agents du ministère de l'Agriculture, à influencer son contenu et à aboutir à sa promulgation en 2007. La mise en oeuvre de la loi a été freinée par un système dominé par l'agriculture conventionnelle, par des divisions internes aux mouvements sociaux et des actions non coordonnées avec le ministère de l'Agriculture, liées à des visions divergentes de l'agriculture biologique et de l'agroécologie. La création récente d'un département dédié à l'agriculture biologique au sein du ministère de l'Agriculture laisse espérer un dépassement des blocages identifiés.

References Climate mitigation and adaptation can be tackled at the landscape scale, combining agricultural and non-agricultural components, reduced deforestation, development of agro-forestry and integrated crop-livestock systems. The spatial distribution of land use could be critical to achieve both climate change issue and income generation and distribution. Should land be spared or shared to reach climate smart goals? To answer this research question, we analyze the impact of the Costa Rican program of recognition for environmental benefits (REB) on the layout of land use in farms located in the Chorotega Region (Northwestern Costa Rica) characterized by confronting environmental issues, such as recent forest recovery process, but land degradation and water scarcity. The Ministry of Agriculture has implemented the REB program from 2007. Extensive livestock is the main sub sector and area for REB use. We will discuss a development model of land sparing that would imply intensification of breeding to reduce the pressure on forest area. The "intensive grazing" (breeding with supply inputs) uses less space than the "extensive grazing" and could thus save space for forest regeneration. The technical model of intensive livestock may use a diet based on purchased inputs and improved pastures. A survey in 76 farms that participated to the REB program was carried out from February to May 2014. This survey enables to collect information related to the evolution of farms' activities and their location before and after their participation to REB. We process this information by using spatial methods (graphical modeling, Brunet, 1980 ; Cheylan et al. 1990), to identify patterns of land use distribution. Elementary spatial structures (" chorèmes " , Fig 1) are combined to form graphic models. The theorical model that we will discuss is presented with a model graphic in Fig 2. (Texte intégral)

We analyze the evolution of the Rainforest Alliance Certification system (RAC) and its implementation in the agro-exporting sector of Costa Rica. Certification systems like RAC incorporate a certain number of social and environmental criteria, with implications on the organization of the primary production side. We approach these implications and analyze how the environmental services concept (ES) was integrated into the certification criteria. We use a combination of secondary information, interviews with key informants related to the certification system, and interviews at farm level to certified producers in three sectors: coffee, banana, and pineapple. The incorporation of the ES concept into the RAC remains unclear and happened well after the consolidation of the RAC. The certification is perceived as a successful institution for protecting the environment, and less as a social improvement device. Certified producers do not receive any premium price for their products, but having the RAC is clue for keeping access to the markets, achieving a good enterprise image and accomplishing the social and environmental national legislation.

El Programa Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PPSA) es un exitoso e innovador instrumento para la conservación y recuperación de áreas boscosas en Costa Rica. También ha sido sujeto de críticas recurrentes en cuanto a su rigidez administrativa y su sesgo excluyente sobre pequeños propietarios de la tierra. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la implementación del PPSA y los efectos que causa sobre la dinámica rural, en una zona (Península de Osa) de gran biodiversidad, y de alta pobreza y conflicto por la tenencia de la tierra. En esta investigación se utilizó información secundaria y principalmente primaria, derivada de entrevistas a actores locales públicos y privados, involucrados en los sectores ambiental, forestal y agropecuario. Osa una zona con pocas actividades productivas y el PPSA funciona más como un subsidio estatal, que mantiene a los beneficiarios en un nivel de subsistencia y de relativa paz social. No contribuye con una dinámica de desarrollo aun cuando este no fue un objetivos inicial del programa. Un análisis complementario de costos de transacción contribuye a explicar el por qué cierto tipo de productores deciden unirse o no al PPSA. El PPSA necesita ser repensado, pues aunque retribuya la conservación del bosque y los servicios ambientales, será insuficiente si no forma parte de un adecuado conjunto de políticas públicas diferenciadas por territorios.

Climate change (CC) adaptation is an important issue for territories. Dealing with CC asks not only for the preservation or enhancement of Ecosystem Services, but also for an appropriate combination of capitals at territory level. By adapting the capitals framework approach with the Ecosystem services (ES) concept, we explore the reason why territories implement or not a certain development dynamics, while having important amount of resources. We compare two neighboring cantons, Hojancha and Nicoya, both with similar high amount of resources endowment but with different pattern of development. Whereas in Hojancha a successful integration of all capitals by social actors allowed to revert natural resources degradation and to restore ES provision that enable productive activities and general social welfare improvement, in Nicoya, the poor integration of social, human, political and cultural values resulted in a slower reaction to external and internal challenges and lower capacities to face climate change issue. We conclude that achieving ES restoration enabling climate change adaptation while promoting local development is determined not only by the availability of the natural resource endowment but also by a good articulation amongst human, social, political and cultural capitals. (Texte intégral)

Local development in Costa Rica has been mainly related to municipalities, but less attention has been paid to understand the local development itself and the factors that explain it. Adapting the capitals framework approach, we compare two neighboring cantons, Hojancha and Nicoya, both with similar high amount of resources endowment but with different pattern of development. We found different integration levels of all capitals by social actors in both cantons, with different outcomes in natural resources conservation, ecosystem services provision and social welfare. We conclude that local development is determined not only by the availability of the natural resource endowment but also by a good articulation amongst human, social, political and cultural capitals. The formulation of a locally shared and integral long term view of the territorial development is a key factor that any policy for local development should seek.

Climate change adaptation is an important issue for territories. Defining the factors that explain the capacity of territories to cope with climate change while achieving local development adaptation is necessary to learn from experiences and facilitate direct and crossed learning process inside and between territories. We explore the reason why territories may not implement successful dynamics and development, while having important amount of resources. Adapting the capitals framework approach, we compare two neighboring cantons, Hojancha and Nicoya, both with similar high amount of ressources endowment but with different pattern of development. We found a successful integration of all capitals by social actors in Hojancha, with a reverted degradation of natural resources over the last 30 years, a fairly provision of ecosystem services enabled productive activities and a general social wellfare. A successful integration of social, human (actors' participation), political (leaderships and networks) and cultural (values) capitals, in special, has allowed overcoming outdated views of development and adopting a long term new view of the future, that give the territory capacity to cope with climate change. In Nicoya, we found a lower integration of all different capitals by local actors. In spite a large natural resource endowment, the poor integration of social, human, political and cultural values, result in a slower reaction to external and internal challenges, and lower capacities to face climate change issue. We conclude that climate change adaptation and local development is determined not only by the availability of the natural resource endowment but also by a good articulation amongst human, social, political and cultural capitals. The formulation of a localy shared and integral long term view of the territorial development is a key factor adapting to climate change that could be promote also by any policy for local development.

1) Introduction (who and where) Integration to both domestic and international dynamic markets is still crucial for medium and small-sized producers in emerging economies. This market integration is determined by several endogenous and exogenous conditions with respect to producers themselves, which yields different levels of success within a specific sector. Transaction costs, price uncertainty, and lack of confidence along the agri-chain are some of the structural problems that hinder a better integration. As the agricultural policy over the past 20 years has been strongly biased toward the promotion of export-oriented cash crops, with little attention to important food crops for the Costa Rican population (i.e. rice, beans, horticulture in general). In the long term, food security in Costa Rica may be endangered by transaction costs and lack of a real public policy in this matter, while the country may progressively depend on the import of partially or totally processed food. Contract farming and the implementation of grades and standards (G&S) are two important instruments aimed to gain a better market integration. Contract farming has been mentioned in the literature as an instrument to considerably reduce transaction costs, and provide a better institutional environment for integration small and medium-sized producers into the market. On the other hand, G & S becomes an important complement of contracts for compliance of several clue issues, such as regularity and confidence on extrinsic products' characteristics (biosecurity, environmental effects), and improvement of social conditions at primary production level. Under certain conditions, both instruments can be part of a successful strategy to integrate producers into dynamic chains and assure sustainable production. Nevertheless, synergies and competition between contract and G&S strategy has been poorly documented. 2) Objective of the action (what) In this presentation we analyze two different agri-chains with different market orientations: chayote (Sechium edule Sw.) for both domestic and international markets; and pineapple (Ananas sativus (Lindl) Schult.) oriented toward international market. In the first case, G&S are less developed than in the second case, while in both cases they manage verbal procurement contracts. Moreover, both sectors are subject of low public regulation and receive little support from the Government. With an historical perspective, we analyze the level and configuration of market integration in each case and the role played by contracts and G&S in the sustainability of this integration. We focus on successful experiences and points out policy recommendations for further improvements. 3) Implementation process (how) For a successful implementation of both instruments (contracts and G&S) producers would require certain stable market relationship with a export/processing buyer, where flows of information regarding product specification goes from the buyer to the producer, while in the opposite direction the produce is delivered according the quality conditions (G&S), at the required volume and timing (contracts). A successful contractual relationship should be a "play of two", where the transference of risk, rights and obligations would conduct to a stable market integration. 4) Key points of success o Technical assistance provided by the buyer is the most successful mechanism to assure the right information goes to produces and monitor compliance of contracts and G&S. Important issues here are to gain maximum product coordination and avoid producers' default o Successful contracts should function as provider of insurance and incentives to producer, which in turn should yield effects in terms of equity (access to markets), and efficiency and sustainability of the market relationship. o Attitude, transparency, frequency and loyalty are key important issues to sustain a contractual relationship between two parti

Le programme de Reconnaissance des bénéfices environnementaux (" Reconocimiento de Beneficios Ambientales ", RBA) au Costa Rica et les Mesures Agri-Environnementales (MAE) en France font partie des instruments incitatifs de politiques agricoles visant à protéger l'environnement. À partir d'une analyse comparée multicritère de l'application de ces deux instruments dans le Guanacaste au Costa Rica et en Guadeloupe en France, nous caractérisons les potentiels et les limites des politiques agricoles visant à favoriser la provision de services environnementaux en termes d'efficacité et de justice. Des enquêtes sont conduites auprès des gestionnaires et des bénéficiaires de ces instruments. Dans ces deux cas, la gouvernance reste dominée par des acteurs du secteur agricole et les programmes sont efficaces dans le sens où ils atteignent des objectifs qui étaient affichés (augmentation des pâturages améliorés pour le RBA, diminution de l'usage des pesticides pour les MAE). Cependant, l'additionnalité des programmes est incertaine. Les deux cas étudiés présentent des différences relatives à l'équité dans la distribution des fonds publics. Alors que le Costa Rica a mis en place des modalités concrètes et précises de plafonnement des aides, en France, dans le cas de la Guadeloupe, la répartition des fonds attribués aux MAE reproduit l'inégalité existante dans la répartition des fonds publics (le budget des MAE étant concentré sur les principales filières qui bénéficient déjà de l'essentiel des subventions). L'équité est apparue comme une préoccupation des gestionnaires et elle a induit des inflexions dans les modalités de mise en oeuvre. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance de la gouvernance dans l'orientation et les résultats obtenus par ces instruments incitatifs.

Costa Rica es considerada como un caso exitoso por su política de conservación y sus logros en la protección de recursos naturales. Sin embargo, a pesar de estos logros, se mantienen varios problemas ambientales y se desarrollan nuevos retos ambientales. En este documento se propone un análisis de la evolución y del desempeño de las políticas públicas que contribuyen al ordenamiento territorial. Evidenciamos una brecha importante entre el grado de desempeño de las políticas de conservación sensu stricto y el grado de desempeño de políticas públicas de desarrollo territorial. Si las políticas de conservación sensu stricto se han beneficiado de muchos factores favorables tal como el apoyo internacional seguido y una voluntad política clara desde los 90s, las políticas territoriales se enfrentan a muchos limitantes tal como un grado de descentralización política administrativa limitado, un falta de capacidades locales, que no se ha podido superar por falta de intenciones políticas claras y continua. Concluimos sobre las limitantes del sistema de las políticas públicas actuales ha enfrentar de manera eficiente a los desafíos actuales, y recomendamos un mejor coordinación entre estas políticas.

Le changement climatique est un enjeu croissant pour la société. Pour affronter cet enjeu, des instruments innovants en matière de Politique Publique (PP) sont nécessaires mais émergent difficilement dans les sociétés. Le Programme de Paiement pour Service Environnementaux (PPSE), adopté dès 1996 au Costa Rica, constitue une innovation singulière en termes de d'instrument PP pour lutter contre déforestation. Cette communication analyse les conditions qui ont permises l'adoption rapide et de l'évolution de cette politique. Mobilisant un cadre d'analyse cognitif des PP sur la longue durée, nous montrons que 1) le PPSE constitue un changement cognitif de la vision de la foret, 2) son adoption correspond à un changement des coalitions de cause dominantes dans le système politiques de gestion des espaces ruraux forestiers, 3) que ce changement est induit par une redistribution des ressources résultantes de modifications des variables externes et internes au système. Cette analyse permet de discuter les hypothèses de changement des PP énoncés dans le cadre de l'ACF et de mettre en perspective les évolutions récentes du PPSE à l'aune des processus d'apprentissage et d'évolution des coalitions de cause.