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While the literature on "new institutionalism" explains the stability of institutional arrangements within countries and the divergence of paths of institutional development between countries, Federico Ferrara takes a "historical institutionalist" approach to theorize dynamic processes of institutional reproduction, institutional decay, and institutional change in explaining the development of political institutions. Ferrara synthesizes "power-based" or "power-distributional" explanations and "ideas-based" "legitimation explanations." He specifies the psychological "microfoundations" of processes of institutional development, drawing heavily from the findings of experimental psychology to ensure that the explanation is grounded in clear and realistic assumptions regarding human motivation, cognition, and behavior. Aside from being of interest to scholars and graduate students in political science and other social-scientific disciplines whose research concentrates on the genesis of political institutions, their evolution over time, and their impact on the stability of political order and the quality of governance, the book will be required reading in graduate courses and seminars in comparative politics where the study of institutions and their development ranks among the subfield's most important subjects.

Bussy Saint Georges is one of the twelve municipalities making up the « secteur 3 » of the new town of Marne-la-Vallée. Its recent history can be considered emblematic of how the State great project of creating new centralities in Ile-de-France (villes nouvelles) had to face the resistance of territories. However Bussy hasn't been characterized by the ultraconservative policy, typical of the neighboring municipalities. It represents instead the story of how local councilors, by using demagogically the theme of the « local » embodied in a « neo traditional » architectural style, achieved to impose to a central government. The original concept of « new centralities » of the State project, reduced to an image of itself, has been perverted into a series of « microcentralities » , disconnected from any regional or metropolitan consistency. ; L'histoire récente de Bussy Saint-Georges, l'une des douze communes qui composent le "secteur 3" de la Ville Nouvelle de Marne-la-Vallée, peut être considérée emblématique de la façon dont le grand projet de l'État de créer une série de nouvelles centralités en Îlede-France a dû se confronter à la résistance des territoires. Cependant, Bussy n'a pas été caractérisée par l'immobilisme dont ont fait preuve les autres communes du Secteur 3. Elle représente plutôt l'histoire de comment les élus locaux, en utilisant de façon démagogique le thème du « local » incarné par des formes architecturales néo-traditionnalistes, ont réussi à s'imposer face au pouvoir central. Le concept originaire de "nouvelles centralités" qui animait le projet de l'Etat, réduit à une image de soi-même, a été perverti en une série de micro-centralités souvent autoréférentielles et déconnectées de toute logique métropolitaine ou régionale.

L'histoire récente de Bussy Saint-Georges, l'une des douze communes qui composent le "secteur 3" de la Ville Nouvelle de Marne-la-Vallee, peut être considerée emblematique de la façon dont le grand projet de l'Etat de créer une série de nouvelles centralités en Ile-de-France a dû se confronter à la resistance des territoires. Cependant, Bussy n'a pas été caracterisée par l'immobilisme dont ont fait preuve les autres communes du Secteur 3. Elle représente plutôt l'histoire de comment les élus locaux, en utilisant de façon démagogique le thème du «local» incarné par des formes architecturales neo-traditionnalistes, ont réussi à s'imposer face au pouvoir central. Le concept originaire de "nouvelles centralités" qui animait le projet de l'Etat, reduit à une image de soi-meme, a été perverti en une série de micro-centralités souvent autoreferentielles et deconnectées de toute logique metropolitaine ou regionale. ; Bussy Saint Georges is one of the twelve municipalities making up the «secteur 3» of the new town of Marne-la-Vallée. Its recent history can be considered emblematic of how the State great project of creating new centralities in Ile-de-France (villes nouvelles) had to face the resistance of territories. However Bussy hasn¿t been characterized by the ultraconservative policy, typical of the neighboring municipalities. It represents instead the story of how local councilors, by using demagogically the theme of the «local» embodied in a «neo traditional» architectural style, achieved to impose to a central government. The original concept of «new centralities» of the State project, reduced to an image of itself, has been perverted into a series of «microcentralities», disconnected from any regional or metropolitan consistency. ; La historia reciente de Bussy Saint-Georges, uno de los doce municipios que componen el "sector 3" de la Ville Nouvelle de Marne-la-Vallée, puede ser considerada emblemática en tanto en cuanto el gran proyecto de Estado de crear una serie de nuevas centralidades en Île-de-France ha debido enfrentarse con la resistencia de los territorios. Sin embargo, Bussy no se ha caracterizado por el inmovilismo que han practicado los otros municipios del Sector 3. Su caso representa más bien la historia de cómo los políticos locales, utilizando demagógicamente el tema de "lo local" encarnado por formas arquitectónicas neotradicionalistas, han conseguido imponerse sobre el poder central. El concepto originario de "nuevas centralidades" que guiaba el proyecto del Estado, reducido a una imagen de sí mismo, ha sido pervertido en una serie de micro-centralidades a menudo autorreferenciadas y desconectadas de toda lógica metropolitana o regional.

The 43rd UID conference, held in Genova, takes up the theme of 'Dialogues' as practice and debate on many fundamental topics in our social life, especially in these complex and not yet resolved times. The city of Genova offers the opportunity to ponder on the value of comparison and on the possibilities for the community, naturally focused on the aspects that concern us, as professors, researchers, disseminators of knowledge, or on all the possibile meanings of the discipline of representation and its dialogue with 'others', which we have broadly catalogued in three macro areas: History, Semiotics, Science / Technology. Therefore, "dialogue" as a profitable exchange based on a common language, without which it is impossible to comprehend and understand one another; and the graphic sign that connotes the conference is the precise transcription of this concept: the title 'translated' into signs, derived from the visual alphabet designed for the visual identity of the UID since 2017. There are many topics which refer to three macro sessions: - Witnessing (signs and history) - Communicating (signs and semiotics) - Experimenting (signs and sciences) Thanks to the different points of view, an exceptional resource of our disciplinary area, we want to try to outline the prevailing theoretical-operational synergies, the collaborative lines of an instrumental nature, the recent updates of the repertoires of images that attest and nourish the relations among representation, history, semiotics, sciences.

Applying forward osmosis directly on raw municipal wastewater is of high interest for the simultaneous production of a high quality permeate for water reuse and pre-concentrating wastewater for anaerobic digestion. This pilot scale study investigates, for the first time, the feasibility of concentrating real raw municipal wastewater using a submerged plate and frame forward osmosis module (0.34 m2) to reach 70% water recovery. Membrane performance, fouling behavior, and effective concentration of wastewater compounds were examined. Two different draw solutions (NaCl and MgCl2), operating either with constant draw concentration or in batch with draw dilution over time, were evaluated. Impact of gas sparging on fouling and external concentration polarization was also assessed. Water fluxes up to 15 L m−2 h−1 were obtained with clean water and 35 g NaCl/L as feed and draw solution, respectively. When using real wastewater, submerged forward osmosis proved to be resilient to clogging, demonstrating its suitability for application on municipal or other complex wastewater; operating with 11.7 g NaCl/L constant draw solution, water and reverse salt fluxes up to 5.1 ± 1.0 L m−2 h−1 and 4.8 ± 2.6 g m−2 h−1 were observed, respectively. Positively, total and soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration factors of 2.47 ± 0.15 and 1.86 ± 0.08, respectively, were achieved, making wastewater more suitable for anaerobic treatment ; This work was part of the WATINTECH project (www.watintech.eu), funded by the Water Joint Programming Initiative (JPI, European Union) Water challenges for a changing world waterworks 2014 (Water JPI-WaterWorks) (ID 196).The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 712949 (TECNIOspring PLUS), and from the Agency for Business Competitiveness of the Government of Catalonia, ACCIO for the grant TECSPR18-1-0085

Classic (polybromodiphenyl ethers, PBDEs) and emerging halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) such as decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and halogenated norbornenes, as well as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were analysed in 52 sediments and 27 fish samples from three European river basins, namely the Evrotas (Greece), the Adige (Italy) and the Sava (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia). This is the first time that FR levels have been reported in these three European river basins. The highest contamination was found in the Adige and Sava rivers, whereas lower values were obtained for the Evrotas. The levels in sediment samples ranged between 0.25 and 34.0 ng/g dw, and between 0.31 and 549 ng/g dw, for HFRs and OPFRs respectively. As regards levels in fish, concentrations ranged between 9.32 and 461 ng/g lw and between 14.4 and 650 ng/g lw, for HFRs and OPFRs, respectively. Thus, whereas OPFR values were higher in sediments, similar concentrations (in the Evrotas) and even lower concentrations than HFRs (Sava) were found for OPFRs in the fish samples, indicating the lower bioaccumulation potential of OPFRs. Biota to sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were calculated and higher values were obtained for HFRs compared to those assessed for OPFRs. © 2017 The Author(s) ; This work was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the Globaqua project (No. 603629), and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Groups 2014 SGR 418 -Water and Soil Quality Unit). The authorswould like to thanks Nicoleta A. Suciu (Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Piacenza) for her contribution in statistical analysis. ; Peer reviewed

The contamination of marine ecosystems by contaminants of emerging concern such as personal care products or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances is of increasing concern. This work assessed the concentrations of selected contaminants of emerging concern in water and sediment of European aquaculture areas, to evaluate their co-variation with legacy contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and faecal biomarkers, and estimate the risks associated with their occurrence. The 9 study sites were selected in 7 European countries to be representative of the aquaculture activities of their region: 4 sites in the Atlantic Ocean and 5 in the Mediterranean Sea. Musks, UV filters, preservatives, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in at least one of the sites with regional differences. While personal care products appear to be the main component of the water contamination, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were mostly found in sediments. As expected, generally higher levels of personal care products were found in sewage impacted sites, urbanised coasts and estuaries. The risk assessment for water and sediment revealed a potential risk for the local aquatic environment from contaminants of both legacy and emerging concern, with a significant contribution of the UV filter octocrylene. Despite marginal contributions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the total concentrations, PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) aqueous concentrations combined to its low ecotoxicity thresholds produced significant hazard quotients indicating a potential risk to the ecosystems. ; This study was financially supported by the SEA-on-a-CHIP project, funded from European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-OCEAN-2013) under grant agreement No. 614168. Antonio Marques is supported through the FCT Investigator program (IF). ; Peer reviewed

Pharmaceuticals (PhACs) and endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are chemicals of emerging concern that can accumulate in seafood sold in markets. These compounds may represent a risk to consumers through effects on the human reproductive system, metabolic disorders, pathogenesis of breast cancer or development of microbial resistance. Measuring their levels in highly consumed seafood is important to assess the potential risks to human health. Besides, the effect of cooking on contaminant levels is relevant to investigate. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to study the presence and levels of PhACs and EDCs in commercially available seafood in the European Union market, to investigate the effect of cooking on contaminant levels, and to evaluate the dietary exposure of humans to these compounds through seafood consumption. A sampling survey of seafood from 11 European countries was undertaken. Twelve highly consumed seafood types were analysed raw and cooked with 3 analytical methods (65 samples, 195 analysis). PhACs were mostly not detectable or below quantification limits in seafood whereas EDCs were a recurrent group of contaminants quantified in the majority of the samples. Besides, cooking by steaming significantly increased their levels in seafood from 2 to 46-fold increase. Based on occurrence and levels, bisphenol A, methylparaben and triclosan were selected for performing a human exposure assessment and health risk characterisation through seafood consumption. The results indicate that the Spanish population has the highest exposure to the selected EDCs through seafood consumption, although the exposure via seafood remained below the current toxicological reference values. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion