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Purpose– This paper aims to synthesize the literature on embeddedness of MNE subsidiaries, rethinking the concept of "multiple embeddedness" in order to clarify the importance of the subsidiary-specific advantages.Design/methodology/approach– A new and innovative framework based on four key relationships: home country-specific advantages (CSAs)-Headquarters (HQ); HQ-subsidiary; subsidiary-host CSAs; and subsidiary-HQ. This framework is used to discuss the complex phenomenon of "multiple embeddedness".Findings– The framework proposed sheds light on the subsidiary's need to develop and sustain over time its subsidiary-specific advantages (SSAs) and, where possible, to "upgrade" these SSAs and to integrate them across the entire network of the MNE. The framework is based on two pillars. The first one is the "creation and development" of firm-specific advantages (FSAs) (in the home country) and SSAs (in the host country); the second one is the "transfer" of these advantages from the parent to the subsidiary and vice versa. In addition, several interesting interrelations are found between the four main relationships, and the central role of the recombination capabilities and the importance of distance are highlighted.Originality/value– This paper is one of the first to develop a framework incorporating all the relevant relationships in multiple embeddedness. The framework is innovative and "embeddedness" is analyzed in a novel way, as many studies only partially analyze this complex phenomenon and neglect one or more of these relationships.

PurposeIn several studies, it has been found that organizational performance is affected by ambidextrous IT capabilities. Nevertheless, business processes are essential to the value generation conversion of IT investment into performance. In the literature, this focus on the impact of IT capabilities at the business process level is still under investigated. So, the purpose of this paper is to test the effects of explorative and exploitative business process IT capabilities on business process performances (BPP) and the positive moderator role of business process management (BPM) capabilities.Design/methodology/approachThis analysis has been done through a quantitative study in the Italian hotel industry. An OLS regression analysis has been carried out on a sample of 404 firms.FindingsThe study identifies distinct effects related to exploration and exploitation and finds a moderating effect of BPM capabilities, explaining their positive impact on BPP.Originality/valueThe main purpose of the paper is to contribute to the area of business process management by demonstrating the importance of both explorative and exploitative IT capabilities for a business process as well as the managerial capabilities at the process level. Furthermore, this focus at the process level allows us to add original insights into research on ambidexterity by expanding existing works.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to create a conceptual model that practically assists companies to produce an effective voluntary external intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) and valorises both the company's and the stakeholders' role. It illustrates the relationship among voluntary ICD mechanisms and it takes into consideration the feedback mechanism from external stakeholders.Design/methodology/approachNielsen and Madsen's (2009) study constitutes the framework of the conceptual model, as it refers to a "sender to receiver" model, which is particularly useful for the research.FindingsAn effective ICD may only be achieved through a combination of decisions taking into account each individual company's needs and those of stakeholders' ones. In addition, the dimensions on which the conceptual model is based are already in use in other widespread disclosure models, and this favours the company.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations concern design features, recipients and validity of the conceptual model. In terms of theoretical implications, the model emphasizes an "integrated ICD" approach; in addition, the model is based on some dimensions which characterize widespread and general communication models already in use.Practical implicationsFirst, this relates to the production of an effective ICD when considered as "one-way information", from the company to the stakeholders. Second, this relates to the interaction between the company and its stakeholders, within a dyadic exchange.Originality/valueThe conceptual model is based on some dimensions which characterize widespread and general communication models already in use, which in the model are applied to ICD. Therefore, companies may favour making an ICD, as they are already confident and familiar with these dimensions.

PurposeLiterature identifies the key relevance of human resource management (HRM) in the creation of an organisational performance measurement and management system, while, in practice, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) continue to prioritise financial and operational aspects. This study aims to identify the main characteristics that typify an advanced performance measurement and management system in SMEs, according to the literature dedicated to performance measurement and HRM.Design/methodology/approachThrough a multiple-case study methodology, the research deeply investigates four European SMEs. Empirical data were collected through interviews, company documents and direct observations. Then, within- and cross-case analysis were implemented to analyse the data.FindingsIn designing organisational performance measurement and management systems in SMEs, HRM emerges as essential in supporting the enhancement of the maturity of performance measurement and the improvement of performance management. Through a framework based on the relevant literature, this research identifies three conceptual propositions that highlight the main characteristics that typify advanced performance measurement and management systems in SMEs.Research limitations/implicationsThe research identifies a conceptual framework suitable to investigate empirically the role of HRM in developing performance measurement and management systems at SMEs, and it lays the foundation for future broader empirical studies in this field.Originality/valueThis paper underlines HRM as an important driver in the creation of organisational performance measurement and management systems. Moreover, it suggests some key characteristics that such a system should develop to be effective in the target enterprises.

Governments are increasingly focusing their efforts on stimulating innovation within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). As a result, university-industry-government collaboration is gaining importance among the agenda of policymakers to enable open innovation in SMEs. However, these inter-organisational relationships often fail to meet expectations, especially when projects are oriented to pre-competitive R&D. Nevertheless, the literature has not yet provided sufficient evidence of the challenges related to the participation of traditional SMEs (i.e., low- and medium-low tech SMEs) in this specific type of collaboration. We collected qualitative data to analyse longitudinally three pre-competitive projects, exploring the main challenges faced by traditional SMEs. We have bracketed the projects in four phases: initiation and planning phase, execution phase, closing phase, and monitoring and control phase. For each of these phases we have individuated firm- and project-level challenges, providing practical and theoretical insights for open innovation scholars.