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This paper presents the results of a calculation model for biofuel production costs in 2015 and 2020 based on raw material price projections and considering scale and learning effects. Distinguishing six types of biofuels, the paper finds that scale economies and learning effects are critical for 2nd generation biofuels to become competitive. In case these effects can be utilized, cost saving potentials for 2nd generation biofuels are significant.

Der Staat übt über die Ausgestaltung der gesetzlichen und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf die Forschung im Bereich der Zukunftstechnologien und die Innovationstätigkeit der Unternehmen aus. Dr. Gunter Festel und Professor Peter Oberender analysieren die Zusammenhänge am Beispiel der Gentechnik.

Introduction: what is the current state of knowledge transfer at research institutions in Europe, what are the main challenges and why does it matter? / Sven H. De Cleyn and Gunter Festel -- Part I shaping the ecosystem -- 1. I3P as university business incubator - a dual mission in technology transfer and start-up ecosystem development / Marco Cantamessa -- 2. Strategies for designing new venture units in complex contexts / Elco van Burg, Isabelle M.M.J. Reymen, A. Georges L. Romme and Victor A. Gilsing -- 3. TU Berlin - an entrepreneurial university in an entrepreneurial city / Matthias Mrozewski, Agnes Von Matuschka, Jan Kratzer and Gunter Festel -- Part II supporting and coaching spin-offs -- 4. Systematic spin-off processes in university-industry ecosystems / Helmut Schönenberger -- 5. Supporting new spin-off ventures - experiences from a university start-up program / Magnus Klofsten and Erik Lundmark -- 6. 'Intrapreneurship at the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft': how to stimulate greater entrepreneurship among researchers / Julia Bauer, Matthias Keckl, Thorsten Lambertus and Björn Schmalfuss -- Part III financing spin-offs and technology transfer -- 7. Incubation to address the 'innovation gap' / Ulrich Mahr and Florian Kirschenhofer -- 8. The seed challenge / Michael Brandkamp -- Part IV innovative tools for technology transfer -- 9. Founding angels as an emerging angel investment model to support early stage high-tech spin-offs / Gunter Festel -- 10. Flipping the knowledge transfer model using start-ups: how entrepreneurs can stimulate faster adoption of academic knowledge / Sven H. De Cleyn and Frank Gielen -- 11. Stimulating student entrepreneurship within a traditional university model: the AU-student incubator as a case / Mia L. Justesen, Rajiv V. Basaiawmoit, Flemming K. Fink and Kirstine V. Moltzen -- Part V international perspective on academic spin-offs and technology transfer -- 12. What Europe still has to learn from the US in academic innovation / Hervé Lebret -- Part V conclusion -- 13. Academic spin-offs and technology transfer in Europe - concluding insights and outlook / Sven H. De Cleyn and Gunter Festel.