Suchergebnisse

Valvestino (Brescia) is a valley of Italian Central Southern Alps, recognized by European Union as "Site of Community Interest"; this site is characterized by the presence of numerous endemisms, some of them included in the IUCN Red List. An ethnobotanical investigation in this valley has pointed out that some species belonging to Primula genus are commonly used for their medicinal properties. In this work we report the flavonoid composition of the endemism Primula spectabilis Tratt. and its antioxidant potential. Samples of this species were collected during the summer of 2007 and determined according to "Flora d'Italia" by Pignatti. The dried powdered leaves were exhaustively extracted with increasing polarity solvents: n-hexane, dichloromethane, dichlorometane:methanol (9:1) and methanol. The methanol extract was chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20, using MeOH as eluent, to obtain fractions that showed NTS-PEG positive spots on TLC. Finally some of these fractions have been submitted to RP-HPLC to obtain phenols, and the structural identification was determined on the basis of extensive NMR spectral studies, as well as by HPLC-MS analysis. Three compounds (C-glucosides of kaempferol, quercetin and apigenin), never isolated before in the Primula genus, were identified. The methanol extract, the richest in polyphenols, was also submitted, after the determination of polyphenolic content by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, to DPPH, total antioxidant capacity based upon the reduction of Cu++ to Cu+ and FRAP assays. The obtained results showed a considerable antioxidant activity from P. spectabilis.

Abstract
Purpose
This manuscript presents a parallel among important EU legal frameworks, such as the Medical Device Regulations and General Data Protection Regulation and economic-historical challenges faced by European citizens. This parallel offers a prospective for understanding the direction taken by policymakers for forthcoming regulations, such as the European Health Data Space and the AI-Act.

Method
The paper describes key commonalities and differences among those regulations, which may help scholars working with AI in medicine, navigating this articulated legal framework.

Results
The European Union journey started with the European Coal and Steel Community, enforced after the WWII for nurturing European physical reconstruction and as a mean for peacekeeping: without coil it was not possible to transform steel, and with shared control of steel it was not possible for individual member states to build war weapons.

Conclusions
In this century, modern coal are data and modern steel is the AI, which is a crucial enabler for European economy growth and competitiveness, and, potentially, a powerful war weapon. Ensuring a fair data-sharing and correct use of AI is crucial for sustainable development, peace, and democracy in Europe and beyond.