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While many developed nations have recently liberalized their laws on abortion, considerable variation remains. This variation appears to be linked to political/ideological differences across nations. Data from 1972 for 29 nations indicate that % of Catholic population, presence of a socialist party in the government, type of regime, & nature of nonelectoral policy-making institutions are linked, at least in the short run, to abortion policy variations. Economic variables do not dominate political variables in statistical analysis of policy variation, but they do appear to shape policy directions in the long run. 1 Table. Modified HA.

Setting Priorities for Clinical Practice Guidelines -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Summary -- STUDY APPROACH -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: PRIORITY SETTING -- Criteria and Their Application -- Procedure Modifications -- Topic Definition -- FUTURE ROLES FOR AHCPR -- National and Local Guidelines -- Clearinghouse, Assessment, and Other Activities -- 1 Introduction -- BACKGROUND -- COMMITTEE APPROACH -- Composition and Activities -- Definitions -- Principles -- PRIORITY SETTING IN OTHER ORGANIZATIONS -- American College of Physicians -- Intermountain Health Care -- Kaiser Permanente, Northern California Region -- State of Minnesota -- Office of Medical Applications and Research, National Institutes of Health -- U.S. Preventive Services Task Force -- OVERVIEW OF REPORT -- 2 Criteria for Topic Selection -- CURRENT CRITERIA FOR GUIDELINES TOPICS -- CURRENT CRITERIA FOR TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT -- DIFFERENCES IN CRITERIA FOR GUIDELINES AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT -- TOWARD COMMON CRITERIA? -- General Criteria -- Potential for Guidelines to Change Health Outcomes or Costs -- Social, Ethical, and Legal Considerations -- Availability of Evidence -- ADDITIONAL CRITERIA -- Criterion Measurement -- THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL CRITERIA -- Criteria Weights -- Measurement Scales -- Availability of Data -- PROCEDURES FOR APPLYING CRITERIA -- Simultaneous Application of Criteria -- Sequential Application of Criteria -- Single-Versus Multiple-Track Processes -- REASSESSMENT OF EXISTING GUIDELINES -- 3 Procedures for Priority Setting -- FORUM AND OHTA PRIORITY-SETTING PROCEDURES -- The Forum's Procedures for Topic Selection -- OHTA'S Procedures for Priority Setting -- Comparing Procedures -- Other Organizations -- TOWARD COMMON PROCEDURES? -- PROCESS MODIFICATIONS: IMPROVING THE USE OF EXPERT JUDGMENT -- Systematizing Consensus Development.

FrontMatter -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Reviewers -- Contents -- Boxes, Figures, and Tables -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Medical Devices for Infants, Children, and Adolescents -- 3 Regulatory Framework for Postmarket Surveillance of Medical Devices -- 4 Identifying and Understanding Adverse Medical Device Events -- 5 Monitoring of Postmarket Study Commitments Involving Medical Devices -- 6 Adequacy of Pediatric Postmarket Surveillance Studies -- 7 Children and Medical Device Safety: A Shared Responsibility -- References -- Appendixes -- A Study Origins and Activities -- B Medical Devices for Pediatric Care -- C The Dynamics of Pediatric Device Innovation: Putting Evidence in Context -- D Questions and Methods in Surveillance Programs -- E The Regulatory History of Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts for Hydrocephalus -- F Cochlear Implants in Children: A Review of Reported Complications, Patterns of Device Failure, and Assessment of Current Approaches to Surveillance -- G Glossary -- H Committee Biographical Statements -- Index.

FrontMatter -- Contents -- Boxes, Figures, and Tables -- Reviewers -- Introduction -- Summary of Workshop Presentations and Discussions -- APPENDIXES -- A Workshop Agenda and Participants -- B Conceptual Models of Disability: Past, Present, and Future--Gale Whiteneck -- C Defining and Classifying Disability in Children--Rune J. Simeonsson -- D How Does the Environment Influence Disability? Examining the Evidence--Julie J. Keysor -- E Late-Life Disability Trends: An Overview of Current Evidence--Vicki A. Freedman -- F Chronic Disease and Trends in Severe Disability in Working-Age Populations--Jay Bhattacharya, Kavita Choudhry, and Darius Lakdawalla -- G Trends in Disability in Early Life--Ruth E. K. Stein -- H Aspects of Disability Across the Life Span: Risk Factors for Disability in Late Life--Jack M. Guralnik -- I Health Care Transition of Adolescents and Young Adults with Disabilities and Special Health Care Needs: New Perspectives--John Reiss and Robert Gibson -- J Secondary Conditions and Disability--Margaret A. Turk -- K A User's Perspective on Midlife (Ages 18 to 65) Aging with Disability--June Isaacson Kailes -- L Impact of Exercise on Targeted Secondary Conditions--James H. Rimmer and Swati S. Shenoy -- M Secondary Conditions with Spinal Cord Injury--William A. Bauman -- N Depression as a Secondary Condition in People with Disabilities-Bryan Kemp -- O Promoting Health and Preventing Secondary Conditions Among Adults with Developmental Disabilities--Tom Seekins, Meg Traci, Donna Bainbridge, Kathy Humphries, Nancy Cunningham, Rod Brod, and James Sherman -- P Biographical Sketches of Workshop Committee and Workshop Presenters.

Clinical Practice Guidelines -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Summary -- CONTEXT -- OVERVIEW OF PRACTICE GUIDELINES INITIATIVES -- Public Initiatives -- Private Initiatives -- INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE COMMITTEE AND PROJECT -- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS -- State of the Art -- Ahcpr and the Forum -- Roles of Public and Private Sectors -- RECOMMENDATIONS: DEFINITIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS: ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD GUIDELINES -- RECOMMENDATIONS: IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION -- DIVERSITY IN CLINICAL PRACTICES AND GUIDELINES -- EXPECTATIONS FOR PRACTICE GUIDELINES -- NEXT STEPS FOR THE INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE -- FINAL COMMENT -- 1 Introduction and Background -- CONTEXT -- OVERVIEW OF PRACTICE GUIDELINES INITIATIVES -- Public Initiatives -- Private Initiatives -- SPECIFIC RESPONSIBILITIES OF AHCPR -- Deadlines and Priorities -- Development Procedures and Requirements -- Dissemination -- Use of Guidelines -- Evaluation and Further Research -- THE INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE COMMITTEE AND PROJECT -- OVERVIEW OF THE REPORT -- CONCLUSIONS AND CAUTIONARY NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 2 Definitions of Key Terms -- THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH -- PRACTICE GUIDELINES -- Common Usage: The Dictionary -- Professional and Technical Usage -- The Committee's Definition: Practice Guideline -- Guidelines and the Strength of Evidence -- Relation of Guidelines to Review Criteria and Other Evaluation Tools -- Definition of Appropriate Care -- Guidelines and Costs -- EVALUATION INSTRUMENTS -- MEDICAL REVIEW CRITERIA -- Common Usage: The Dictionary -- Professional and Technical Usage -- The Committee's Definition: Medical Review Criteria -- STANDARDS OF QUALITY -- Common Usage: The Dictionary -- Professional and Technical Usage -- The Committee's Definition: Standards of Quality -- PERFORMANCE MEASURES -- Common Usage: The Dictionary -- Professional and Technical Usage.

Health Services Research: Work Force and Educational Issues -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Health Services Research: Work Force and Educational Issues -- Summary -- ORIGINS OF THE STUDY -- STUDY APPROACH -- DEFINING HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Work Force Data -- Work Force Supply and Demand -- Training Programs -- HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH: TODAY AND TOMORROW -- 1 Introduction and Background -- ORIGINS OF THE STUDY -- STUDY APPROACH -- DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS -- Health Services Research -- Health Services Research Work Force -- Health Services Research Education and Training -- Support for Health Services Research -- CONCLUSION -- 2 Overview of Health Services Research -- A BRIEF LOOK BACK -- Before 1965 -- 1965 and After -- Federally Sponsored Research -- Other Sponsors of Health Services Research -- HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH TODAY AND TOMORROW -- Organization and Financing of Health Services -- Access to Health Care -- Quality of Care -- Clinical Evaluation and Outcomes Research -- Informatics and Clinical Decisionmaking -- Practitioner, Patient, and Consumer Behavior -- Health Professions Work Force -- CONCLUSION -- 3 The Health Services Research Work Force -- THE CURRENT WORK FORCE -- Methodological Issues -- Committee Data Collection Strategies -- Size and Characteristics of the Work Force -- Supply in Relation to Demand -- THE FUTURE WORK FORCE -- Estimating the Future Supply of Personnel -- Estimating the Future Demand for Personnel -- Future Prospects -- CONCLUSION -- 4 Educational Programs, Resources, and Issues -- EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS -- Information Sources -- Types of Programs -- Master's Degree Programs -- Doctoral Programs -- Postdoctoral Programs -- On-the-Job Training and Continuing Education -- Current Program Enrollments -- Curricula and Preparation for the "Real World.

Assessing Health Care Reform -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preamble -- Extending Access to Health Care -- BARRIERS TO ACCESS -- FINANCIAL ACCESS -- Principles -- Practical Implications -- Assessing Access Provisions of Reform Proposals -- MORE THAN FINANCIAL ACCESS -- Containing Health Care Costs -- COSTS IN CONTEXT -- ELEMENTS OF A STRATEGY -- Specific Elements -- Elements Not Mentioned -- MOVING FROM GENERAL TO SPECIFIC POLICIES -- Administrative Costs-and Benefits -- Tax Caps and Geographic Variations in Health Care Costs -- Patient Cost Sharing and Special Problems -- Core and Supplemental Benefits -- Risk Selection versus Cost Containment -- Assuring the Quality of Care -- DEFINING QUALITY -- QUALIFY MEASUREMENT AND IMPROVEMENT -- Major Targets -- Criteria for a Strategy -- Individual and System Perspectives -- Roles and Responsibilities -- System Problems -- CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES -- SPECIFIC IMPLICATIONS -- Financing Reform -- Improving the Infrastructure for Effective Change -- GOVERNANCE AND ADMINISTRATION -- HUMAN AND PHYSICAL CAPITAL -- Human Capital -- Physical Capital -- KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT -- Databases, Surveys, and Information Technologies -- Privacy and Confidentiality of Sensitive Personal Health Data -- Health Services, Outcomes, and Effectiveness Research -- Technology Assessment -- PUBLIC HEALTH POLICIES AND PROGRAMS -- OTHER INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES -- Programs for Special Populations -- Tort Reform -- Public/Consumer Education -- Conclusion -- References.

FrontMatter -- Reviewers -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Contents -- Boxes, Figures, and Tables -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Definition and Monitoring of Disability -- 3 Disability Trends -- 4 Health Care Transitions for Young People -- 5 Secondary Conditions and Aging with Disability -- 6 The Environmental Context of Disability: The Case of Health Care Facilities -- 7 Assistive and Mainstream Technologies for People with Disabilities -- 8 Access to Health Insurance and the Role of Risk-Adjusted Payments to Health Plans -- 9 Coverage of Assistive Technologies and Personal Assistive Services -- 10 Organization and Support of Disability Research -- References -- APPENDIXES -- A Study Activities -- B Table of Contents for Workshop on Disability in America: A New Look (2006) -- C Risk Adjustment of Insurance Premiums in the United States and Implications for People with Disabilities -- D The Americans with Disabilities Act in a Health Care Context -- E The Employment Discrimination Provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act: Implementation and Impact -- F Access to Telecommunications Technology by Americans with Disabilities: Key Laws and Policies -- G Transportation Patterns and Problems of People with Disabilities -- H Committee on Disability in America Biographical Sketches -- Index.

Intro -- What is palliative care? -- When children need palliative care. -- Why it can be hard to get palliative care. -- We can give very ill children the palliative care they need. -- 1. Children should have care that is focused on their needs and the needs of their families. -- 2. Health plans should make it easier for children and families to get palliative care. -- 3. Health care professionals should be trained to give palliative care to children. -- 4. Researchers should find out more about what care works best. -- We can improve palliative care for very ill children and their families. -- A word to families . . . -- We can improve palliative care for very ill children and their families.

FrontMatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Reviewers -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Necessity and Challenges of Clinical Research Involving Children -- 3 Regulatory Framework for Protecting Child Participants in Research -- 4 Defining, Interpreting, and Applying Concepts of Risk and Benefit in Clinical Research Involving Children -- 5 Understanding and Agreeing to Children's Participation in Clinical Research -- 6 Payments Related to Children's Participation in Clinical Research -- 7 Regulatory Compliance, Accreditation, and Quality Improvement -- 8 Responsible Research Involving Children -- References -- Appendices -- A Study Origins and Activities -- B State Regulation of Medical Research with Children and Adolescents: An Overview and Analysis -- C Health Care Privacy and Conflict-of-Interest Regulations Relevant to Protection of Human Participants in Research -- D Glossary, Acronyms, and Laws and Regulations -- E Committee Biographical Statements -- Index.

Front Matter -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Reviewers -- Summary -- Introduction -- Patterns of Childhood Death in America -- Pathways to a Child's Death -- Communication, Goal Setting, and Care Planning -- Care and Caring from Diagnosis Through Death and Bereavement -- Providing, Organizing, and Improving Care -- Financing of Palliative and End-of-Life Care for Children and Their Families -- Ethical and Legal Issues -- Educating Health Care Professionals -- Directions for Research -- References -- Appendix A Study Origins and Activities -- Appendix B Prognostication Scores -- Appendix C Assessing Health-Related Quality of Life in End-of-Life Care for Children and Adolescents -- Appendix D Cultural Dimensions of Care at Life's End for Children and Their Families -- Appendix E Bereavement Experiences after the Death of a Child -- Appendix F End-of-Life Care in Emergency Medical Services for Children -- Appendix G Education in Pediatric Palliative Care -- Appendix H Progress in Pediatric Palliative Care in New York State-A Demonstration Project -- Appendix I Committee Biographical Statements -- Index.