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"Enclosure marshals bold new and persuasive arguments about the ongoing dispossession of Palestinians. Revealing the Israel-Palestine landscape primarily as one of enclosure, geographer Gary Fields sheds fresh light on Israel's actions. He places those actions in historical context in a broad analysis of power and landscapes across the modern world. Examining the process of land-grabbing in early modern England, colonial North America, and contemporary Palestine, Enclosure shows how patterns of exclusion and privatization have emerged across time and geography. That the same moral, legal, and cartographic arguments were copied by enclosers of land in very different historical environments challenges Israel's current rationale as being uniquely beleaguered. It also helps readers in the United Kingdom and the United States understand the Israel-Palestine conflict in the context of their own, tortured histories." - Provided by publisher

Los mercados de trabajo son importantes porque la mayoría de la gente, sobre todo los pobres, obtienen todo su ingreso, o la mayor parte de él, del trabajo que realizan. Este ensayo estudia los mercados de trabajo por medio de los modelos sectoriales. La primera sección sustantiva presenta la esencia de la modelación multisectorial, en particular el papel del dualismo del mercado de trabajo. Dado que los mercados de trabajo se componen a menudo de segmentos muy distintos, un enfoque analítico útil y perspicaz consiste en empezar con sólo dos segmentos interrelacionados, el formal y el informal. En consecuencia, las secciones presentan modelos de salarios y empleo en la economía formal, la economía informal y las relaciones intersectoriales, respectivamente. La última sección sustantiva muestra las contribuciones de estos modelos al entendimiento y el análisis de la política en los mercados de trabajo. No debería esperarse que el mismo modelo se aplique a África Oriental y Asia Oriental, o a Sudáfrica y Corea del Sur. Sin duda, el modelo "correcto" es específico del contexto. La combinación de la observación empírica y la modelación analítica ha generado grandes avances. Las políticas sólidas para el mercado laboral requieren modelos sólidos del mercado de trabajo.

AbstractThis article develops an explanation for the fractured and partitioned landscape in Palestine by comparing it to the early modern enclosures in England, and framing this comparison within a theory of "territoriality." Territoriality is a practice of power and refers to the efforts of individuals or groups to reorganize the economic life, politics, and culture of a place by reshaping landscape. The argument is that the Palestinian landscape is part of a long‐standing narrative in which groups with power seek to transform the economy, demography, and culture of territorial space through the time‐honored territorial practice of enclosing land. Enclosure consists of two basic instruments: alegalelement that redefines rights of property by reorganizing systems of use, access, and socio‐economic relations on the land; andarchitecturalelements that reshape the landscape itself. English estate owners and Israeli Zionists are parallel actor groups using law and the built environment to remake life on the landscape. Mobilizing the institutional power of property law and the material power of the built environment, these groups reorder land ownership, use, and circulation on the landscape in an effort to consolidate systems of control over subalterns and reorganize socio‐economic life and demography in a place. By exploring the contours of this pattern, this article seeks to uncover a more general meaning in the enclosure landscape of Palestine today.

When in 1989 the Berlin Wall fell, and South African apartheid soon followed, it appeared even to political realists of the period that such systems, with their landscapes of walls and practices of separation, would rapidly be consigned to historical memory. In one of the great ironies of recent history, however, a new generation of such landscapes is proliferating in the wake of 1989, used by practitioners of power to promote systems of segregation and control movements of groups designated as threats by virtue of their representation as "other." Reflecting collective psychologies of fear, these environments range from urban-based gated communities, where class prejudices against the poor and apprehension about crime coalesce in "fortified enclaves" withinCities of Walls, to borderlands between nation–states where hostility to immigrants and prejudices against ethnic others converge in creating what scholars describe asThe Wall Around the West. Despite differences, these landscapes share a similar aim: they use built environments as defensive fortifications to preempt the circulation of people across territorial space based on class, religious, and ethnic divides. In this way, gated communities in São Paulo and Los Angeles, the walled borderlands of Melilla and Ceuta separating the European Union from Africa, and the walled border of Operation Gatekeeper separating the United States from Mexico, are broadly comparable.

The history of the Solidarity workers' movement in Poland from a popular oppositional force in 1980 to the election of Lech Walesa as Poland's president in 1990 is traced to explain its transformation & predict where it may go in the next decade. Discussion includes the early organizational pattern of Soldiarity, its roots in Marxism & the ideas of Rosa Luxemburg & Antonio Gramsci about worker empowerment & self-organization, actions of the Workers' Councils & the Polish United Workers Party, internment of Solidarity leadership, the influence of market-oriented austerity measures, & stimulus from Mikhail Gorbachev & perestroika that led to the party embracing the market system. V. Wagener

Critiques Poland's economic policy choice and the state of industrial relations since Solidarity's political ascendancy in 1980. Some focus on personal declarations of Adam Michnik, Bronislaw Geremek, and Lech Walesa.