Suchergebnisse

The Impact of Foreign Interventions on Democracy and Human Rights provides holistic studies exploring the relationship between military and economic interventions and the policies, methods, intentions, and consequences of the various American, French, and Chinese interventions in the case studies they present.

This research aims to empirically test the impact of globalization on human development by studying 17 Latin American countries in a range of time from 1995 to 2009, in order to confirm the hypothesis that the effect of globalization on human development of developing countries depends on specific aspects of globalization and human development, as well as the level of state fragility and delinquency. The motivation leading this research is the fact that globalization has not brought improvement in the developmental conditions of the population as a whole. The potential and originality of this study includes the contribution to providing evidence by testing empirically the relationship between globalization and human development in Central and South America in such a way that will allow us to differentiate what kind of globalization is positive or negative in distinct areas of human development. And this is with the purpose of helping policymakers to have a clearer idea of what can be done according to each country's peculiarities to enhance the human development in a globalized era. The outcomes from empirical data analysis that employ Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) modeling reveal that globalization has a conditional correlation with human development in Central and South American countries. That is, globalization has both positive and negative effects depending on specific aspects and their indicators to measure each aspect of globalization (economic, social or political globalization), the specific area of human development examined and the level of state fragility and delinquency in each country. The overall globalization index is found to have a positive effect on human development index. However, when globalization is disaggregated, the economic globalization sub index is found to have a negative effect, while social and political globalization sub indexes have positive effects on the human development in Central and South American countries.

The main objective of this article is to explain the economic rise of China, South Korea and Japan, based on developmental state theory. Through a qualitative and descriptive quantitative analysis, it is intended to answer the questions: What has been the impact of the developmental states: Japan, South Korea and China in their respective economic expansions? And what have been the characteristics that these countries have had in common in this process? This swill focus on the following specific aspects for each country and at the same time in common: intervention by the state (protection of certain productive sectors), stimulation of the national production as well as its exportation, and business conglomerates. It can be said that China's policy focused on "four modernizations" plus "four principles": agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense via the socialist, dictatorship of the proletariat, leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and thinking of Marx-Lenin-Mao Zedong principles. South Korea, concentrated on the implementation of five-year plans focused on different strategic sectors, and on efficient educational training. Japan, its policy was focused on the education of the population; in granting privileges such as the distribution of raw materials, subsidies, rationalized credits, among others, mainly to the coal and steel sector, and the generation of new industries such as automobiles, heavy electrical machinery, computers and petrochemicals, and for this, the government applied measures as a special tax, import quotas, accelerated depreciation, among others (Nishijima 2009, 9). At the end it is concluded that the impact of the developmental state on the economic success of the three countries analyzed, was of vital importance in the economic expansion of these East Asian countries, proving that, without the active participation of the developmental state, the economic performance of these three nations would not have reached the achieved dimensions. ; El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal explicar el ascenso económico de China, Corea del Sur y Japón, teniendo como base la teoría desarrollista o developmental state theory. Por medio de un estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo descriptivo, se intenta responder las preguntas: ¿Cuál ha sido el impacto de los Estados desarrollistas: Japón, ¿Corea del Sur y China en sus respectivas expansiones económicas? Y ¿Cuáles han sido las características que estos países han tenido en común en dicho proceso? Este estudio se centra en los siguientes aspectos específicos para cada país y a la vez en común: intervención del Estado (protección a sectores productivos determinados), estimulación de la producción nacional y su exportación, y los conglomerados empresariales. Puede decirse que la política de China se centró en "cuatro modernizaciones" más "cuatro principios": agricultura, industria, ciencia y tecnología y defensa vía los principios socialista, dictadura del proletariado, liderazgo del Partido Comunista de China (PCCh) y pensamiento de Marx-Lenin-Mao Zedong. Corea del Sur, se focalizó en la implementación de planes quinquenales enfocados en diferentes sectores estratégicos, y en la formación educativa eficiente. Japón, su política se concentró en la educación de la población; en otorgar privilegios como repartición de materia prima, subsidios, créditos racionalizados, entre otros, principalmente al sector carbonífero y siderúrgico, y la generación de nuevas industrias como la automovilística, maquinaria eléctrica pesada, computadores y petroquímica, y para ello, el gobierno aplicó medidas como un impuesto especial, cuotas de importación, depreciación acelerada, entro otros (Nishijima 2009, 9). Al final se concluye que el impacto del Estado desarrollista en el éxito económico de los tres países analizados, fue de vital importancia en la expansión económica de estos países del Este Asiático, comprobando que, sin la participación activa del Estado desarrollista, el desempeño económico de estas tres naciones no hubiese conseguido las dimensiones alcanzadas.

The main objective of this essay is to explain the impact that Japanese migration has had on the development and evolution of commercial, investment and cooperation relations between Brazil and Japan. To that end, this work uses as a basis the social capital theory, which argues that social networks enable cooperation among individuals who pursuing a common goal, for which values such as trust and reciprocity norms are fundamental. In this regard, the main question to be resolved in this study is the following: What role did Japanese migration play in the establishing and development of commercial relations between Brazil and Japan? To answer this question, this essay makes a historical review analyzing the moment in which Japanese migrations began to Brazil, encouraged to a large extent by the Japanese government as part of its development strategy. Likewise, this paper analyzes the process by which the establishment and formation of networks of Japanese immigrants in Brazil took place, who settled in that country integrating into its society until their subsequent emigration to Japan, decades later. This process eventually contributed to the consolidation of trade, cooperation and investment relations between Brazil and Japan. In the same way, this last fact was essential for the consolidation of the social capital and relations between both countries, in a process that has been fundamental for the development of both economies, constituting a diplomatic and economic policy of vital importance. ; El presente ensayo tiene como objetivo principal explicar el impacto que ha tenido la migración japonesa en el desarrollo y evolución de las relaciones comerciales, de inversión y cooperación entre Brasil y Japón. Para ello, este trabajo utiliza como base la teoría del capital social o social capital theory, la cual sostiene que las redes sociales posibilitan la cooperación entre los individuos que persiguen un fin común, para lo cual valores como la confianza y las normas de reciprocidad son fundamentales. En tal sentido, la pregunta principal a resolver en este estudio es la siguiente: ¿Qué papel tuvo la migración japonesa en el establecimiento y desarrollo de las relaciones comerciales entre Brasil y Japón? Para responder esta pregunta, este ensayo hace un recorrido histórico analizando el momento en el cual comenzaron las migraciones niponas a Brasil, incentivadas en gran medida por el gobierno japonés como parte de su estrategia de desarrollo. Asimismo, este trabajo analiza el proceso por el cual se dio el establecimiento y formación de redes de inmigrantes japoneses en Brasil, quienes se instalaron en dicho país integrándose en su sociedad hasta su emigración posterior a Japón décadas más tarde. Este proceso coadyuvó eventualmente al afianzamiento de las relaciones comerciales, de cooperación e inversión entre Brasil y Japón. Del mismo modo, este último hecho fue esencial para la consolidación del capital social y de las relaciones entre ambos países, en un proceso que ha sido fundamental para el desarrollo de ambas economías constituyendo así una política diplomática y económica de vital importancia.