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Na imaginação geográfica dos Estados Unidos, o Brasil é um País de futebol, samba e biquínis. Representações do Brasil entram nos EUA através dos filtros culturais de Pelé e a Garota de Ipanema. Mas nesta visão se perde a historia intricada e complexa da raça no Brasil, especialmente na cidade do Salvador da Bahia. Mas, chegando de fora e vendo as representações raciais pela propaganda popular, nunca se imaginaria que mais de 80% dos soteropolitanos é de descendência africana. Neste artigo, contextualizarei primeiramente Salvador em termos raciais no Brasil. Então, após examinar as atuais teorias das raças e das suas representações, desconstruirei algumas das representações raciais mais chocantes e contraditórias, do ponto de vista de uma pessoa relativamente nova na Bahia. Concluirei com as observações do grafite como uma maneira popular de contestar as representações brancas dominantes numa cidade negra, através da qual as representações raciais são democratizadas nas superfícies verticais da capital baiana.

Elections are central to the theory & practice of constitutional democracy. A decision to exclude particular groups from the political process represents a fundamental choice about the nature & character of legitimate political conflict. Whether in the form of a constitutional ban, as in the case of Article 21 of the Federal Republic of Germanys Basic Law, or in statutory form, as in the US Internal Security Act of 1950, the exclusion of antidemocratic parties constrains the universe of what a people may will & determines who is entitled to participate in the political sphere. Assessing how such proscriptions affect the level & likelihood of political violence requires strict, systematic scrutiny. It leads us to ask a series of questions about which factors motivate exclusion, on what rational grounds such restrictions may be justified, & if & under what conditions the democratic experiment is advanced by such bans. Moreover, the exclusion of antidemocratic parties in transitional states, where democracy is still in its nascent & therefore tenuous stage, may provide for interesting case studies in addressing the issue of how limits on self-governance affect the strategies of political parties as well as regime legitimacy. Adapted from the source document.

Biomedical research is a success by any standard. It has led to treatments and preventive practices that have caused rates of death from the major killers—heart disease, cancer, and stroke—to decline steadily over the past few decades (National Center for Health Statistics, 2002: Table 30). Hundreds of new drugs have been approved over the past decade (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2002), and another 1000 potential drugs are under development (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, 2002). The past year alone has seen breakthroughs in understanding afflictions as diverse as sickle cell anemia, tuberculosis, breast cancer, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and substance abuse.