Gender inequality is omnipresent in our society and in the field of education and training, the gender gap is especially evident in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) disciplines. While different studies have been conducted about potential reasons explaining this gap, little is known about gender inequality and underlying factors in the Earth Observation and Geoinformatics (EO*GI) domain. To close some parts of this knowledge gap, the initiative Women in Copernicus was established with the overall goal to make women working in the EO*GI field and especially in the Copernicus ecosystem more visible. This paper analyses the results of a survey of 462 women identifying reasons for not choosing STEM education and the barriers related to educational choices in their career path. The main obstacles that hinder choosing a STEM education for these women are stereotypes in society, missing female role models but also culture, television and society message transmitted by the media. The lack of self-confidence is an essential factor in this choice and is also experienced as a barrier during individual career paths. This analysis provides insights valuable for political decisions making targeting at a gender-balanced work environment and emphasizes the importance of attracting more girls and young women towards a STEM education and supporting them during their career to reach skills and occupational equality and strengthen the economic development of the EO*GI sector.
Gender inequality is omnipresent in our society and in the field of education and training, the gender gap is especially evident in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) disciplines. While different studies have been conducted about potential reasons explaining this gap, little is known about gender inequality and underlying factors in the Earth Observation and Geoinformatics (EO*GI) domain. To close some parts of this knowledge gap, the initiative Women in Copernicus was established with the overall goal to make women working in the EO*GI field and especially in the Copernicus ecosystem more visible. This paper analyses the results of a survey of 462 women identifying reasons for not choosing STEM education and the barriers related to educational choices in their career path. The main obstacles that hinder choosing a STEM education for these women are stereotypes in society, missing female role models but also culture, television and society message transmitted by the media. The lack of self-confidence is an essential factor in this choice and is also experienced as a barrier during individual career paths. This analysis provides insights valuable for political decisions making targeting at a gender-balanced work environment and emphasizes the importance of attracting more girls and young women towards a STEM education and supporting them during their career to reach skills and occupational equality and strengthen the economic development of the EO*GI sector.
Aims. The SINFONI survey for Unveiling the Physics and Effect of Radiative feedback (SUPER) was designed to conduct a blind search for AGN-driven outflows on X-ray-selected AGNs at redshift z∼2 with high (∼2 kpc) spatial resolution, and to correlate them with the properties of their host galaxy and central black hole. The main aims of this paper are: (a) to derive reliable estimates for the masses of the black holes and accretion rates for the Type-1 AGNs in this survey; and (b) to characterise the properties of the AGN-driven winds in the broad line region (BLR). Methods. We analysed rest-frame optical and UV spectra of 21 Type-1 AGNs. We used Hα, Hβ, and MgII line profiles to estimate the masses of the black holes. We used the blueshift of the CIV line profile to trace the presence of winds in the BLR. Results. We find that the Hα and Hβ line widths are strongly correlated, as is the line continuum luminosity at 5100 Å with Hα line luminosity, resulting in a well-defined correlation between black hole masses estimated from Hα and Hβ. Using these lines, we estimate that the black hole masses for our objects are in the range Log (MBH/M·) = 8.4-10.8 and are accreting at λEdd = 0.04-1.3. Furthermore, we confirm the well-known finding that the CIV line width does not correlate with the Balmer lines and the peak of the line profile is blueshifted with respect to the [OIII]-based systemic redshift. These findings support the idea that the CIV line is tracing outflowing gas in the BLR for which we estimated velocities up to ∼4700 km s-1. We confirm the strong dependence of the BLR wind velocity on the UV-to-X-ray continuum slope, the bolometric luminosity, and Eddington ratio. We infer BLR mass outflow rates in the range 0.005-3 M· yr-1, revealing a correlation with the bolometric luminosity consistent with that observed for ionised winds in the narrow line region (NLR), and X-ray winds detected in local AGNs, and kinetic power ∼10-7-10-4 × LBol. The coupling efficiencies predicted by AGN-feedback models are much higher than the values reported for the BLR winds in the SUPER sample; although it should be noted that only a fraction of the energy injected by the AGN into the surrounding medium is expected to become kinetic power in the outflow. Finally, we find an anti-correlation between the equivalent width of the [OIII] line and the CIV velocity shift, and a positive correlation between this latter parameter and [OIII] outflow velocity. These findings, for the first time in an unbiased sample of AGNs at z∼2, support a scenario where BLR winds are connected to galaxy-scale detected outflows, and are therefore capable of affecting the gas in the NLR located at kiloparsec scale distances. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)
In: Assmann , R W , Weikum , M K , Akhter , T , Alesini , D , Alexandrova , A S , Anania , M P , Andreev , N E , Andriyash , I , Artioli , M , Aschikhin , A , Audet , T , Bacci , A , Barna , I F , Bartocci , S , Bayramian , A , Beaton , A , Beck , A , Bellaveglia , M , Beluze , A , Bernhard , A , Biagioni , A , Bielawski , S , Bisesto , F G , Bonatto , A , Boulton , L , Brandi , F , Brinkmann , R , Briquez , F , Brottier , F , Bründermann , E , Büscher , M , Buonomo , B , Bussmann , M H , Bussolino , G , Campana , P , Cantarella , S , Cassou , K , Chancé , A , Chen , M , Chiadroni , E , Cianchi , A , Cioeta , F , Clarke , J A , Cole , J M , Costa , G , Couprie , M E , Cowley , J , Croia , M , Cros , B , Crump , P A , D'Arcy , R , Dattoli , G , Del Dotto , A , Delerue , N , Del Franco , M , Delinikolas , P , De Nicola , S , Dias , J M , Di Giovenale , D , Diomede , M , Di Pasquale , E , Di Pirro , G , Di Raddo , G , Dorda , U , Erlandson , A C , Ertel , K , Esposito , A , Falcoz , F , Falone , A , Fedele , R , Ferran Pousa , A , Ferrario , M , Filippi , F , Fils , J , Fiore , G , Fiorito , R , Fonseca , R A , Franzini , G , Galimberti , M , Gallo , A , Galvin , T C , Ghaith , A , Ghigo , A , Giove , D , Giribono , A , Gizzi , L A , Grüner , F J , Habib , A F , Haefner , C , Heinemann , T , Helm , A , Hidding , B , Holzer , B J , Hooker , S M , Hosokai , T , Hübner , M , Ibison , M , Incremona , S , Irman , A , Iungo , F , Jafarinia , F J , Jakobsson , O , Jaroszynski , D A , Jaster-Merz , S , Joshi , C , Kaluza , M , Kando , M , Karger , O S , Karsch , S , Khazanov , E , Khikhlukha , D , Kirchen , M , Kirwan , G , Kitégi , C , Knetsch , A , Kocon , D , Koester , P , Kononenko , O S , Korn , G , Kostyukov , I , Kruchinin , K O , Labate , L , Le Blanc , C , Lechner , C , Lee , P , Leemans , W , Lehrach , A , Li , X , Li , Y , Libov , V , Lifschitz , A , Lindstrøm , C A , Litvinenko , V , Lu , W , Lundh , O , Maier , A R , Malka , V , Manahan , G G , Mangles , S P D , Marcelli , A , Marchetti , B , Marcouillé , O , Marocchino , A , Marteau , F , Martinez de la Ossa , A , Martins , J L , Mason , P D , Massimo , F , Mathieu , F , Maynard , G , Mazzotta , Z , Mironov , S , Molodozhentsev , A Y , Morante , S , Mosnier , A , Mostacci , A , Müller , A S , Murphy , C D , Najmudin , Z , Nghiem , P A P , Nguyen , F , Niknejadi , P , Nutter , A , Osterhoff , J , Oumbarek Espinos , D , Paillard , J L , Papadopoulos , D N , Patrizi , B , Pattathil , R , Pellegrino , L , Petralia , A , Petrillo , V , Piersanti , L , Pocsai , M A , Poder , K , Pompili , R , Pribyl , L , Pugacheva , D , Reagan , B A , Resta-Lopez , J , Ricci , R , Romeo , S , Rossetti Conti , M , Rossi , A R , Rossmanith , R , Rotundo , U , Roussel , E , Sabbatini , L , Santangelo , P , Sarri , G , Schaper , L , Scherkl , P , Schramm , U , Schroeder , C B , Scifo , J , Serafini , L , Sharma , G , Sheng , Z M , Shpakov , V , Siders , C W , Silva , L O , Silva , T , Simon , C , Simon-Boisson , C , Sinha , U , Sistrunk , E , Specka , A , Spinka , T M , Stecchi , A , Stella , A , Stellato , F , Streeter , M J V , Sutherland , A , Svystun , E N , Symes , D , Szwaj , C , Tauscher , G E , Terzani , D , Toci , G , Tomassini , P , Torres , R , Ullmann , D , Vaccarezza , C , Valléau , M , Vannini , M , Vannozzi , A , Vescovi , S , Vieira , J M , Villa , F , Wahlström , C G , Walczak , R , Walker , P A , Wang , K , Welsch , A , Welsch , C P , Weng , S M , Wiggins , S M , Wolfenden , J , Xia , G , Yabashi , M , Zhang , H , Zhao , Y , Zhu , J & Zigler , A 2020 , ' EuPRAXIA Conceptual Design Report ' , European Physical Journal: Special Topics , vol. 229 , no. 24 , pp. 3675-4284 . https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000127-8
This report presents the conceptual design of a new European research infrastructure EuPRAXIA. The concept has been established over the last four years in a unique collaboration of 41 laboratories within a Horizon 2020 design study funded by the European Union. EuPRAXIA is the first European project that develops a dedicated particle accelerator research infrastructure based on novel plasma acceleration concepts and laser technology. It focuses on the development of electron accelerators and underlying technologies, their user communities, and the exploitation of existing accelerator infrastructures in Europe. EuPRAXIA has involved, amongst others, the international laser community and industry to build links and bridges with accelerator science — through realising synergies, identifying disruptive ideas, innovating, and fostering knowledge exchange. The Eu-PRAXIA project aims at the construction of an innovative electron accelerator using laser- and electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration that offers a significant reduction in size and possible savings in cost over current state-of-the-art radiofrequency-based accelerators. The foreseen electron energy range of one to five gigaelectronvolts (GeV) and its performance goals will enable versatile applications in various domains, e.g. as a compact free-electron laser (FEL), compact sources for medical imaging and positron generation, table-top test beams for particle detectors, as well as deeply penetrating X-ray and gamma-ray sources for material testing. EuPRAXIA is designed to be the required stepping stone to possible future plasma-based facilities, such as linear colliders at the high-energy physics (HEP) energy frontier. Consistent with a high-confidence approach, the project includes measures to retire risk by establishing scaled technology demonstrators. This report includes preliminary models for project implementation, cost and schedule that would allow operation of the full Eu-PRAXIA facility within 8—10 years.