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Les conflits armés actuels résultent de stratégies qui privilégient la force sur le droit : d'abord Poutine en Tchétchénie et Bush en Irak, puis l'impunité d'Assad en Syrie, désormais Gaza… L'Union européenne doit agir en attendant une réforme des institutions internationales.

La justice française a émis un mandat d'arrêt international à l'encontre du président syrien Bachar el-Assad, poursuivi pour crime contre l'humanité suite à l'attaque chimique de la Ghouta en 2013. Mais le contexte actuel est hostile à l'application du droit international et le parcours judiciaire est semé d'embuches.

This paper presents an alternative method for developing effective embedded optimized Runge-Kutta (RK) algorithms to solve oscillatory problems numerically. The embedded scheme approach has algebraic orders of 5 and 4. By transforming second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) into their first-order counterpart, the suggested approach solves first-order ODEs. The amplification error, phase-lag, and first derivative of the phase-lag are all nil in the embedded pair. The alternative method's absolute stability is demonstrated. The numerical tests are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed approach in comparison to other RK approaches. The alternative approach outperforms the current RK methods.

يهدف البحث إلى التعرف على المضامين الفكرية في عروض المخرج المسرحي الأردني، وطبيعة الموضوعات التي تناولها التي شملت مضامين سياسية أو اجتماعية أو غيرها، وجاءت الحدود الزمنية للبحث بين عامي 2014 ـ 2015م إذْ تم اختيار عرضين مسرحيين اختيارا قصديا لاثنين من المخرجين هما: مسرحية أعراس آمنة لـلمخرج يحيى البشتاوي، ومسرحية هاش تاج للمخرج محمد خير الرفاعي، وقد اتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، ويمكن أن يفيد البحث المشتغلين في الفن المسرحي من مؤلفين ومخرجين وممثلين ونقاد، وكذلك تقديم الفائدة للمؤسسات الأكاديمية التي تعنى بالمسرح. ; The present study deals with the intellectual implications of Jordanian theater directors. It is also concerned with the nature of topics dealt with in plays that cover political, and sociocultural implications between the years 2014 and 2015. Two plays (Aras Amenah directed by Yahia Bashtawi and Hash Tag directed by Mohammad Khair Al-Refaee) were purposefully selected. The researcher used a descriptive, analytical research method. Findings of the study will benefit those involved in theater such as playwrights, directors, actors and critics. The study will also benefit academic institutions.

Der Zweite Weltkrieg war von neuer Technik und damit auch von neuen Möglichkeiten in der Propaganda und Psychologischen Kriegsführung geprägt. Speziell in der britisch-deutschen Auseinandersetzung wurden aus den Erfahrungen des Ersten Weltkrieges neue Konzepte entwickelt, mit denen eine Manipulierung feindlicher Soldaten und Zivilisten ermöglicht werden sollte. Die Dissertation setzt sich mit den Mentalitäts- bzw. Charaktereinschätzungen der Deutschen aus Sicht der britischen Akteure auseinander, die für eine effiziente Propaganda und Psychologische Kriegsführung gegen das sogenannte ''Dritte Reich'' sorgen sollten. Die oftmals präzisen Einschätzungen der Propagandisten, teils auch unter Verwendung psychologischer und psychiatrischer Dossiers hatten jedoch nicht immer den gewünschten Effekt. Auch aus diesem Grund wurden neue Strategien im Rahmen der sogenannten ''schwarzen'' Propaganda entwickelt, die den Gegner in den Grundfesten seiner Seele erschüttern sollte (und zu Teilerfolgen führte). Auch wenn die Briten auf beeindruckende Art und Weise die Deutschen hinsichtlich politischer, sozialer, religiöser oder lokaler Zugehörigkeit analysierten und Versuche unternommen wurden, diese Gruppen anhand dieser vermeintlichen Schwächen zu manipulieren, wurde nie das Ziel erreicht, via der Provokation von Differenzen innerhalb der Bevölkerung oder zwischen Bevölkerung und NS-Regime den Krieg zu verkürzen. Dabei ist die britische Effizienz im Einzelnen wiederum schwer messbar, festzustellen ist jedoch eindeutig, dass die britischen Propaganda-Maßnahmen keinen durchschlagenden Erfolg hatten, da die Autorität des NS-Regime zu keinem Zeitpunkt durch Massenaufstände oder Meutereien bzw. Massendesertionen an der Front gefährdet waren. Im Großen und Ganzen war die Entwicklung der mentalitätsorientierten ''geistigen Kriegsführung'' ein beeindruckendes Kapitel der britischen Geschichte, jedoch ohne messbare Auswirkung auf den Kriegsverlauf bzw. seiner Verkürzung. ; The beginning of the Second World War imposed a new kind of warfare on the battlefield. The progress of radio and flight techniques permitted measures to manipulate the enemy with a combination of propaganda and psychological warfare. Furthermore, an analysis of his character was needed to spot the weak points in German psychology, to support the enemy population and soldiers in enmity towards their own government and to the war and to induce political uprising, sabotage and desertion. But the economic rebirth of Germany had created a strong connection between the Germans and Hitler, that would not be easy to weaken. British attempts to manipulate the German mind were wholly unsuccessful. Even the best analysis, very often close to the truth, could not jeopardize the efforts of Nazi propaganda, that drummed successfully into the German mind that the intentions of the Allied forces would be to destroy and enslave Germany. Furthermore, efforts to drive a wedge between the Germans and their leaders failed. Even in decline and defeat, the average German remained incapable of drawing his own conclusions and rising up against the Nazis. The history of the British attempts to manipulate the German mind was yet an impressive chapter of the Second World War, even if not entirely successful. The propaganda-organization of those measures and the confirmation of at least some of the estimates proved the efficiency of a well-organized brain-pool. For the totalitarian regime, it was easier in the end to oppress opposition, and for the democratic system too difficult to penetrate the German minds.

Syria is an agricultural developing country, characterized by semi-arid climate and high population growth rate, facing challenges related to mainly agriculture sector and food insecurity. The resolution of the latter is one of the Millennium Development Goal, which can be explicated by the goal to "eradicate extreme poverty and hunger". Within such a framework the present thesis is devoted to study the food security situation in Syria and the peculiar factors affecting the income of the poor household. In specific, the work investigates food security situation and explores the agricultural risks by studying their main types, current strategies, public management policies and the future possible improvements for risk management. A variety of analytical approaches have been used since the main methodologies for carrying out the research depending essentially on quantitative as qualitative analyses. As preliminary analysis, secondary data were used to investigate the food security situation, while secondary data on farm semi-structured survey and an ad hoc Delphi method survey have been implemented to examine the agricultural risks and risk management strategies. The food security situation seems very similar to that of other Middle Eastern countries like Jordan and Lebanon. Food aggregate and per capita availability have an acceptable level which is also applied to food accessibility and supply stability. In contrast, food utilization exhibits low level compared to other countries, and lies under the world average in some cases e.g. for many vitamins intake. Therefore, The Government of Syria (GOS) should fill in the gap of food deficiencies both by developing the agricultural products and introducing reforms to the trade sector especially those related to importing/exporting food stuff. The agricultural risks in Syria are related mainly to production, price and policy change risks. The mentioned risks are quite different both in type and intensity according to the different zones (Farming Systems). The yield risks result mostly from the increasing incidence of drought, frost, storm, flood and diseases, while price risks are related largely to the marketing constraints of the freely marketed crops (e.g. citrus, fruits and vegetables). Policy change risks (e.g. changes in macroeconomic policies or input/output prices) affect mainly the strategic crops (cotton, wheat and sugar beet) that are marketed by the state. Finally, idiosyncratic risks (individual or personal) seem not very relevant, on average, at the national level. Agricultural risk management policies and strategies are also different according to Syrian zones. In general, diversification of income sources and cultivated crops are the main strategies adopted by farmers, while adopting a risk sharing strategy like "agricultural insurance" is still unfavorable one. Finally, GOS institutions contribute to agricultural risk management by several means like the agricultural supporting policies including the agricultural disasters relief. However, much effort must be done by GOS to manage the agricultural risks including the establishment of agricultural insurance framework.

Abstract
The study mainly deals with the most important features of Chinese philosophy by taking Taoism and Confucianism for example. The study looks into the similarities and differences between them and highlights the most important contents, style of expression and backgrounds for Chinese philosophy. The study also gives a brief presentation of Taoism and Confucianism's view of religion and metaphysical issues, and compares these thoughts with the Islamic philosophy, through a brief study of their ideas about the nature of the universal principle, knowledge of this universal principle, creation and formation, and the relationship between the universal principle and human beings, morals, reward and punishment, the hereafter and the second life. The study ends with a call for the convergence and understanding of the two civilizations after centuries of unfamiliarity.

Some modified techniques are used in this article in order to have approximate solutions for systems of Volterra integro-differential equations. The suggested techniques are the so called Laplace-Adomian decomposition method and Laplace iterative method. The proposed methods are robust and accurate as can be seen from the given illustrative examples and from the comparison that are made with the exact solution.

The Greek Debt Crisis started in October 2010 when Greece took the decision to enter the Euro Zone, which is considered to be the second largest economic power in the world after the United States. The problem increased in Greece between the previous government and the new government with a budget deficit of 13.6% and that its debt was 163% of its GDP. Based on the above, the problem of this paper revolves around the following question: What are the causes of the financial crisis and what are the internal impact and external effects on the euro area?