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Abstract: A smart city is a phenomenon where municipalities engage with stakeholders to use ICT for increasing efficiency, sustainability, and quality of life for its citizens and city operations. However, smart city initiatives can at times challenge human rights. While particular human rights such as privacy have been subject to analysis in the digital government field, a complete view on human rights in smart cities has so far been missing in our discipline. It is mainly studies from other disciplines that voice comprehensive concerns about potentially negative impacts of smart cities on human rights. However, they often lack the technological background. This paper reports on a pilot study as an initial exploration of the phenomenon in the digital government field. In our research, we studied both the positive and negative effects of smart cities on human rights by conducting qualitative interviews with citizens and municipal employees with central roles in smart city initiatives. Our results suggest that in addition to privacy and security, the human rights of freedom of expression, adequate standard of living, and equal access to public services are likely to be affected by smart city initiatives. ; publishedVersion

Purpose
The world is facing global challenges that require international collaboration. This study aims to describe and analyze how digital technologies are applied in global governance to respond to such critical challenges.


Design/methodology/approach
The authors apply an interpretive case study of climate reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a case of digitalization in global governance. It includes interviews with officials in the Swedish public administration and the UNFCCC secretariat to cover national and international levels. The authors describe the reporting process and analyze the role of information systems through the lens of information infrastructures.


Findings
"Information infrastructure" is a valuable instrument to understand digitalization in global governance as a complex interplay between information systems, information, standards, organizations, people and social structures. The level of sophistication is, however, basic with a large potential for improvement – for instance in analytical and communicative services to support evidence-based decision-making and assessment of progress.


Research limitations/implications
The data collection is limited to one governance process: reporting. Future studies should complement the findings by broadening the scope to other processes. The authors propose that digital global governance is dependent on an effective information infrastructure, and that the five design principles by Hanseth and Lyytinen (2016) offer guidance when developing this.


Practical implications
The results indicate a large unutilized potential of digital technologies to improve progress assessment, communicate more effectively with stakeholders and identify new ways of visualizing data to support decision making in global climate policy.


Social implications
Use of digital technologies, as suggested in the article, could strengthen the implementation capability of climate goals, which is of urgent need.


Originality/value
While most research in digital governance considers the national or municipal level, this study provides empirical insight and theorization of digital technologies in a global governance setting.

Part A: Scientific Foundations of Digital Governance -- Chapter 1 - Scientific Foundations of Digital Governance - Why, What and How (Yannis Charalabidis,Zoi Lachana, Charalampos Alexopoulos).-Chapter 2 - Digital governance as a scientific concept (Tove Engvall, Leif Skiftenes Flak) -- Chapter 3 - Digital Government Research: A Diverse Domain (Hans J. Scholl) -- Chapter 4 - On the Structure of the Digital Governance Domain ( Zoi Lachana, Yannis Charalabidis, Panagiotis Keramidis) -- Chapter 5 - Digital Governance education: Survey of the programs and curricula ( Demetrios Sarantis, Soumaya Ben Dhaou, Charalampos Alexopoulos, Alexander Ronzhyn, Francesco Mureddu) -- Chapter 6 - Discussing the Foundations for Interpretivist Digital Government Research (Keegan McBride, Yuri Misnikov, Dirk Draheim) -- Part B: Digital Governance Problem and Solution Space -- Chapter 7 - Understanding Digital Transformation in Government( Frank Danielsen, Leif Skiftenes Flak, Øystein Sæbø),- Chapter 8 - A Public Value Impact Assessment Framework for Digital Governance (Anne Fleur van Veenstra, Tjerk Timan) -- Chapter 9 - Fostering a data-centric public administration: strategies, policy models and technologies ( Francesco Mureddu, David Osimo, Angeles Kenny, Matthew Upson, Vassilios Peristeras) -- Chapter 10 - A Methodology for Evaluating and Improving Digital Governance Systems Based on Information Systems Success Models and Public Value Theory (Euripidis Loukis) -- Chapter 11 - Understanding the impact of public policy context on the implementation orientation for the digital transformation of interoperable public services (Raul M. Abril) -- Joep Crompvoets) -- Chapter 12 - Agent Based Modeling in Digital Governance Research: A Review and Future Research Directions ( Prakash C. Sukhwal, Atreyi Kankanhalli) -- Part C: Perspectives and Future Research Directions for Digital Governance -- Chapter 13 - Government 3.0: Scenarios and Roadmap of Research ( Alexander Ronzhyn, Maria A. Wimmer) -- Chapter 14 - Building Digital Governance Competencies: Baseline for a Curriculum and Master Programme (Gabriela Viale Pereira, Alexander Ronzhyn, Maria A. Wimmer) -- Chapter 15 - E-Justice: A Review and Agenda for Future Research ( Nilay Yavuz, Naci Karkın, Mete Yıldız) -- Chapter 16 - Digitalisation and Developing a Participatory Culture: Participation, Co-production, Co-destruction ( Noella Edelmann ).

Purpose
This paper aims to examine major stakeholders' communication preferences in eParticipation initiatives and discuss how this affects the public sphere. Despite the potential of social media, it has proven difficult to get people actively involved in the decision-making processes. There is a need for more research on how stakeholders manage and use social media to communicate.


Design/methodology/approach
The study was conducted as a qualitative case study. Data sources include interviews, social media content, document analysis and field notes.


Findings
Communication preferences of stakeholders vary according to their salience level. Stakeholders with higher salience are less likely to participate in social media, whereas those who are less salient will use every available medium to gain influence. This challenges the opportunity to create a traditional public sphere in social media.


Research limitations/implications
The authors contribute to a better understanding of who participates in social media and why. Stakeholder salience analysis shows that in the case of citizen-initiated eParticipation, social media cannot be seen as a Habermasian public sphere.


Practical implications
The authors suggest two approaches for government officials' handling of social media: to treat social media as a channel for input and knowledge about the concerns of citizen groups and to integrate social media in the formal processes of decision making to develop consultative statements on specific policy issues.


Social implications
The study shows that power and urgency are the most important salience attributes. These findings indicate that social media may not be as inclusive as early research indicates, and less active social media users may have power and influence through other channels.


Originality/value
The findings extend current knowledge of the public sphere by adding the stakeholder perspective in addition to existing evaluative models of the public sphere.