Suchergebnisse

Part 1. Theoretical Approaches to the Welfare State in Latin America -- Chapter 1. The Welfare State: in Search of a Latin-American Theory -- Part 2. Austerity Policies and Economic Constraints -- Chapter 2. The Institutional Construction of Post-1988 Austerity -- Part 3. Employment and Social Security -- Chapter 3. Labor Reforms and the Crisis of Democratic Corporatism -- Chapter 4. The Dismantling of Employment Policies in Brazil: Employability Without Rights -- Chapter 5. Pension System at a Crossroads: Between Frail Solidarity and Financial Appropriation -- Part 4. Networks of Social Policies Under the Aegis of De-democratization -- Chapter 6. The Universal Right to Health in Brazil: From Restricted Expansion to Dismantling -- Chapter 7. The Brazilian System for Food and Nutrition Security: Tensions, Conflicts, and Paradoxes -- Chapter 8. Advancing Toward the Past: the Dismantling of the Unified Social Assistance System -- Chapter 9. Authoritarian Populism, De-democratization and Social Policy Dismantling: Lessons from Brazil.

RESUMO O objetivo deste ensaio foi discorrer sobre as relações entre capitalismo, democracia e cidadania, tendo como foco as transformações recentes em todos os componentes da tríade Estadonacional, mercado capitalista e cidadania, que caracterizaram a construção da modernidade ocidental e geraram a democracia de massas, o Welfare State - ou Estado de Bem-Estar Social - e o mercado regulado. A globalização da economia levou à desterritorialização da produção e circulação de mercadorias e de capitais, em uma fase de predomínio da lógica de acumulação financeira, dissociando o mercado da dimensão nacional, sob a qual se exerce o poder político estatal. É preciso entender, no entanto, que as tensões entre capitalismo e democracia, e mesmo entre democracia e cidadania, são constitutivas dessa relação, nem sempre sendo contradições antagônicas, pois, em conjunturas específicas, diante das lutas socias e do acúmulo de forças em certas fases do processo de acumulação, pôde-se construir uma nova correlação de forças e viabilizar propostas contra-hegemônicas. A etapa atual deve ser compreendida como parte do acirramento dessas contradições, não como uma situação implacavelmente estagnada. A proposta é pensar, nesta conjuntura, o lugar da democracia e da cidadania.

Abstract: This paper analyses the challenges of building the Welfare State in late democracies in Latin America. The author shows how the literature has identified different social protection patterns in the region and how recent reform models have transformed institutions, in an unfavorable socioeconomic context. The results point to the emergence of a mixture of social protection measures that have increased coverage and reduced poverty, but are unable to guarantee universal citizens' rights and longevity.

It is very moving to be part of this celebration of 25th anniversary of ALAMES, the Latin American Association of Social Medicine. These many years have been filled with dreams, struggles, warmth and emotion, debates, disappointments. and hopes. Over this time we have aged and some of our dearest colleagues have passed away. Others left us. At times we grew disheartened; at others we were unable to see beyond our dogmatic positions and understand the need for change. But we regrouped, caught up with what was going on in the world, learned new things, added new partners, and built new strategies. Our vitality arises from the very choices that define the field of social medicine. Collective Health (as it is called in its Brazilian version) examines the interrelation between the biological and social orders, in other words, the concrete, historical associations of social determinants which affect living beings and how they relate to each other. We see the "social" as a field of inquiry which combines knowledge and action, both the study and practice of social transformation.

By 1890, the French government under the Third Republic seemed on the brink of political and social disaster. Anarchists were planting bombs in Parisian cafes, the birthrate was declining, and Germany—who had won a war against France in 1870—was surpassing her economically. In this time of political and social anxiety, women became increasingly important in the rhetoric of the Third Republic, as the regime determined to actively support the decorative arts in an effort to revive France as the world's producer of fine feminine luxury goods. This rhetoric relied on a clear social and physical separation between the bourgeois woman (purveyor of the home and mother of France's future citizens) and the prostitute (society's necessary receptacle for the dangerous male lust that found no place in the bourgeois home). Using two paintings of feminine interiors—one of a bourgeois home, the other of a brothel—by contemporary painters Edouard Vuillard and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, respectively, this paper explores the ways in which the opposition of the bourgeois woman to the prostitute became increasingly difficult to maintain as the century turned. The boundaries between the bourgeois home and the brothel began to rupture with the migration and mixing of social and class signifiers within these highly charged spaces, and with the threatening emergence of a new, highly independent bourgeois woman (femme nouvelle). The collapse of this rigid distinction between the two spaces reflected more serious social changes and threats as the Third Republic descended into the political turmoil that would lead ultimately to its war with Germany in 1914.

The health care system reform in Brazil was launched as part of the struggles for building a democratic regimen, in the last quarter of the XX century. Defending the universal right of health care as part of the citizenship status and the State duty to provide it, this social movement has been able to provoke a deep transformation in the health care policy. Three different and simultaneous processes were at the roots of the transformations although they not always were convergent. They are the processes of constitucionalization, institutionalization, and individualization. Constitucionalization means the norms and laws that assure a legal frame to the health care right; the institutionalization deals with the creation of a new pact for the federalism and a decentralized and participatory decision-making process, based in consensus building. Individualization requires the construction of political actors and a new political arena. This article analyzes the creation of the SUS (National Health Care System), considered as the most original policy in the Brazilian democracy and evaluates the progresses and contradictions among the mentioned processes regarding the public value of fighting poverty and social exclusion. ; El proceso de la Reforma Sanitaria en Brasil fue parte de las luchas de la sociedad por instaurar un régimen y un Estado democráticos en el país, en el último cuarto del siglo XX. Bajo la consigna del derecho universal a la salud como inherente a la ciudadanía y como deber del Estado, se ha generado una profunda transformación de la política de salud. Esa transformación se hizo a través de tres procesos simultáneos, pero no siempre convergentes. Se trata de la constitucionalización, de la institucionalización y de la individualización. El proceso de constitucionalización es relativo a las normas y leyes que aseguran el marco legal actual que garantiza el derecho universal a la salud; el proceso de institucionalización trata de la creación de un nuevo modelo de pacto federativo, descentralizado y con participación de la sociedad en todos los niveles de la política, generando instancias de concertación y co-gestión; el proceso de individualización trata de la constitución de los sujetos y actores políticos en esa arena. El artículo hace un balance del SUS (Sistema Único de Salud), que ha sido considerado la política mas original de la democracia brasileña, al evaluar los avances y contradicciones que se presentan en la dinámica diferencial de cada uno de los procesos, considerando las diferencias entre valor público y capital institucional público en el enfrentamiento de la pobreza y de la exclusión.