Suchergebnisse

Objetivo. Describir el trabajo precario en el sector ladrillero de México, sus efectos en salud e intervenciones. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sobre el sector ladrillero, así como su impacto en la salud y los estudios de exposición que se han realizado en México en bases de datos y sitios gubernamentales con restricción de idioma inglés y español. Las palabras claves utilizadas fueron "trabajo precario", "contaminación por ladrilleras", "efectos en salud" e "intervenciones". Resultados. Existen pocos trabajos que señalen la exposición ambiental y biológica en el sector ladrillero del país. Se encontraron diversas intervenciones en el sector para reducir los impactos ambientales y de salud, sin embargo, no se enfocan directamente en el trabajador y sus familias. Conclusión. Las zonas ladrilleras presentan altos niveles de contaminación. Se requiere de información que refleje la exposición a mezclas de sustancias tóxicas en trabajadores, familias y población aledaña a estas zonas. ; Objective. To describe the precarious conditions of the workers on the Mexican brick sector and their effects on health and possible intervention projects. Materials and methods. A review of databases and government sites(with English and Spanish language restrictions) was carried out to correlate the human health injury caused by the bricks factories' pollution. Exposure and health impact studies carried out in Mexico were analyzed. Keywords corresponding "precarious work", "brick pollution", "health effects" and "interventions" were used in the database search. Results. We found only a few studies that described environmentaland biological effects caused by the brick sector in Mexico. Regarding intervention programs published until this year, ouranalysis indicates that these projects have the aim to reduce the environmental impacts but not ameliorate the health ofthe brick factories workers and their families. Conclusions. High levels of pollution were described in brick factories' areas. New studies are required to ...

The objective of this study was to conduct a critical analysis of the social, environmental and health risk factors in the Mexican indigenous population in the context of the COVID-19 disease pandemic, and to propose strategies to mitigate the impacts on these communities. Regarding social factors, we identified the return of indigenous people to their communities, poor access to water, language barriers, and limited access to the Internet, as factors that will not allow them to take the minimum preventive measures against the disease. Additionally, environmental risk factors associated with pollutants from biomass burning were identified. In health, the lack of coverage in these areas and comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, respiratory tract infections, and chronic pulmonary diseases were identified. Some existing government programmes were identified that could be supported to address these social, environmental and health gaps. We believe that the best way to address these issues is to strengthen the health system with a community-based approach. Health is the best element of cohesion for inserting development and progress proposals in indigenous communities, given the vulnerability to which they are exposed in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, all information is provided (as possible) on risk factors and potential solutions in indigenous communities in the hope of providing solutions to this pandemic and providing a reference for future studies.

Antibiotics are drugs which are widely used for the treatment of bacterial diseases and are starting to be considered emerging pollutants,. Antibiotics are used in human and animal health care. When antibiotics are incompletely metabolized, they go into wastewater through feces and urine, compounding the pollution caused by their inadequate final disposal, hospital effluents and some industries, and reach wastewater treatment plants, where they are not properly processed due to a lack of monitoring and specific regulations, as well as to their trace and ultra-trace concentrations, which makes them harder to monitor. Antibiotics in the environment can give rise bacterial resistance genes, decrease microbial diversity and be potentially toxic to some animals, such as fish and invertebrates. Very few drug monitoring studies have been conducted in Latin America, but some of them have shown that environmental concentrations are higher in some water bodies than in wastewater. This review proposes revealing the environmental problems of antibiotics in Latin America, from the lack of monitoring to the absence of environmental regulations. ; Los antibióticos son fármacos considerados como contaminantes emergentes, usados para el tratamiento de enfermedades bacterianas, en salud humana y veterinaria. Los antibióticos al ser metabolizados incompletamente llegan a las aguas residuales a través de las heces fecales y orina, añadiendo la contaminación causada por su mala disposición final, efluentes hospitalarios y algunas industrias, llegando a las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales, en donde no son tratados adecuadamente por la falta de monitoreo y su normatividad, además de que se encuentran en concentraciones trazas y ultra trazas lo que dificulta su monitorización. Los antibióticos en el ambiente pueden generar genes de resistencia bacteriana, disminuir diversidad microbiana, y ser tóxicos para algunos animales como peces e invertebrados. En América Latina existen muy pocos estudios sobre el monitoreo de los fármacos, sin embargo, en algunos de ellos se ha visto que las concentraciones ambientales llegan a ser mayores en algunos cuerpos de agua que en aguas residuales. Esta revisión plantea visibilizar la problemática ambiental de los antibióticos en América Latina, desde la falta de monitorización hasta la nula regulación ambiental que existe en estos países. ; Os antibióticos são medicamentos considerados contaminantes emergentes, usados no tratamento de doenças bacterianas em saúde humana e animal. Os antibióticos ao serem metabolizados de forma incompleta chegam às águas residuais através das fezes e urina, a que acresce a contaminação causada por pela sua má disposição final, por efluentes hospitalares e por algumas indústrias, chegando às estações de tratamento de águas residuais, onde são tratados inadequadamente pela falta de monitorização e regulamentação, além de se encontrarem em concentrações de traço e ultratraço, o que dificulta a monitorização. Os antibióticos no ambiente podem originar genes de resistência bacteriana, diminuir a diversidade microbiana e ser tóxicos para alguns animais como peixes e invertebrados. Na América Latina existem poucos estudos sobre monitorização de medicamentos, contudo em alguns deles foi observado que as concentrações ambientais chegam a ser mais altas em alguns corpos de água do que nas águas residuais. Esta revisão aumenta a visibilidade da problemática ambiental dos antibióticos na América Latina, desde a falta de monitorização até à inexistente regulamentação ambiental nestes países.