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For Wittgenstein mathematics is a human activity characterizing ways of seeing conceptual possibilities and empirical situations, proof and logical methods central to its progress. Sentences exhibit differing 'aspects', or dimensions of meaning, projecting mathematical 'realities'. Mathematics is an activity of constructing standpoints on equalities and differences of these. Wittgenstein's Later Philosophy of Mathematics (1934-1951) grew from his Early (1912-1921) and Middle (1929-33) philosophies, a dialectical path reconstructed here partly as a response to the limitative results of Gödel and Turing.

This essay accounts for the notion of Lebensform by assigning it a logical role in Wittgenstein's later philosophy. Wittgenstein's additions of the notion to his manuscripts of the PI occurred during the initial drafting of the book 1936-7, after he abandoned his effort to revise The Brown Book. It is argued that this constituted a substantive step forward in his attitude toward the notion of simplicity as it figures within the notion of logical analysis. Next, a reconstruction of his later remarks on Lebensformen is offered which factors in his reading of Alan Turing's "On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem" (1936/7), as well as his discussions with Turing 1937-1939. An interpretation of the five occurrences of Lebensform in the PI is then given in terms of a logical "regression" to Lebensform as a fundamental notion. This regression characterizes Wittgenstein's mature answer to the question, "What is the nature of the logical?"

This book addresses the growing use of computerized systems to influence people's decisions without their awareness, a significant but underappreciated sea-change in the way the world works. To assess these systems, this volume's contributors explore the philosophical and ethical dimensions of algorithms that guide people's behavior by nudging them toward choices preferred by systems architects. Particularly in an era of heightened awareness of bias and discrimination, these systems raise profound concerns about the morality of such activities. This volume brings together a diverse array of thinkers to critically examine these nudging systems. Not only are high-level perspectives presented, but so too are of those who use them on a day-to-day basis. While algorithmic nudging can produce benefits for users there are also many less-obvious costs to using such systems, costs that require examination and deliberation. This book is a major step towards delineating these concerns and suggesting ways to provide a sounder basis for future policies for algorithms. It should be of interest to system designers, public policymakers, scholars, and those who wonder more deeply about the nudges they receive from various websites and on their phones

1.Introduction -- 2. Nudging and Freedom -- 3. Metaphors we nudge by -- 4. Can Nudges be Democratic? -- 5. Revisiting the Turing Test -- 6. Interview with Stephen Wolfram -- 7. Means vs. Outcomes -- 8. Nudging, positive and negative, on China's Internet -- 9. Nudging choices through media -- 10. Building compliance, manufacturing nudges -- 11. The Emergence of the 'Cy-Mind' through Human-Computer Interaction -- 12. Saying things with facts, or: sending messages through regulation.13. Conclusion: The troubling future of nudging choices through media for humanity.

Part I Conceptual Framework.-1. Introduction -- 2. Media Are Dead, Long Live Media: Apparatgeist's Capacity for Understanding Media Evolution -- 3. Selves and Forms of Life in the Digital Age: A Philosophical Exploration of Apparatgeist -- 4. Shared Screen Time: The Role of the Mobile Phone in Local Social Interaction in 2000 and 2020 -- 5. Possibility or Peril? Exploring the Emotional Choreography of Social Robots in Inter- and Intrapersonal Lives -- 6. The Artificialistic Fallacy -- Part II Future Technologies in Action.-7. Thing or No-Thing: Robots Are Not Just a Thing, Not yet a Human. An Essay in Thinking Through Media by Hermeneutics of Difference -- 8. Apparatgesit of Pepper-kun: Exploration of emerging cultural meanings of a social robot in Japan -- 9. Is it Just a Tool or is it a Friend? Exploring Chinese users' interaction and relationship with smart speakers -- 10. Likable and Competent, Fictional and Real: Impression Management of a Social Robot -- Part III Looking Back and Forward -- 11. One-Way Tele-contact: Norbert Wiener's Yesterday's Tomorrow -- 12. Future Shock Or Future Chic?: Human Orientation to the Future(s) in the Context of Technological Proliferation -- 13. Voicing the Future: Folk Epistemic Understandings of Smart and Datafied Lives -- 14. Socio-technical Issues Concerning the Future of New Communication Technology, Robots, and AI.-15. Conclusions. .