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Constitutional pluralism has long been controversial, but has recently come under renewed attack. Critics allege that by justifying departure by national courts from the Court of Justice of the European Union's (CJEU) orthodoxy on the primacy of EU law, constitutional pluralism is (at best) susceptible to abuse by autocratic member state governments, or is (at worst) a favored tool of Europe's new authoritarians. This article is a defense of heterodoxy in European constitutional thought, and of constitutional pluralism in particular. It uses the concept of "loyal opposition" as a framing discourse, allowing us to see that heterodox approaches to EU constitutionalism and opposition to the received and dominant interpretation of the primacy of EU law are not necessarily any less "loyal" to the principles and values of European integration than agreement with the CJEU. A "legitimacy test" is proposed, by which we can determine whether a given instance of national judicial disagreement with the CJEU is loyal, principled opposition, or disloyal, abusive opposition.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME -- Introduction to the Transaction Edition -- CHAPTER I. FROM CREATION TO EVOLUTION. -- I. The Visible Universe. -- II. Theological Teachings regarding the Animals and Man. -- III. Theological and Scientific Theories of an Evolution in Animated Nature. -- IV. The Final Effort of Theology. -- CHAPTER II. GEOG:('tAPHY. -- I. The Form of the Earth. -- II. The Delineation of the Earth. -- Ill. The Inhabitants of the Earth. -- IV. The Size of the Earth. -- V. The Character of the Earth's Sur face. -- CHAPTER Ill. ASTRONOMY. -- I. The Old Sacred Theory of the Universe. -- II. The Heliocentric Theory. -- Ill. The War upon Galileo. -- IV. Victory of the Church over Galile11. -- V. Results of the Victory over Galileo. -- VI. The Retreat of the Church after its Victory over Galileo. -- CHAPTER IV. FROM "SIGNS AND WONDERS" TO LAW IN THE HEAVENS. -- I. The Theological View. -- II. Thtological Efforts to crush the Scientific Vitw. -- Ill. The Invasion of Sctpticism. -- IV. Tluological Efforts at Compromise.- Tlte Final Victory of Science. -- CHAPTER V. FROM GENESIS TO GEOLOGY, -- I. Growth of Theological Explanations. -- II. Efforts to Suppress tlte Scientific View. -- Ill. Tlte First Great Effort at Compromise, bastd on the Flood of Noak. -- IV. Final Efforts at Compromise-Tiu Vielfwy of &imr:e eomplek. -- CHAPTER VI. THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN, EGYPTOLOGY, AND ASSYRIOLOGY. -- I. The Sacred Ckronology. -- II. The New Ckronolog -- v. -- CHAPTER VII. THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN AND PREHISTORIC ARCHJEOLOGY. -- I. The Thunder-stones. -- II. The Flint Weapons and Implements. -- CHAPTER VIII. THE "FALL OF MAN" AND ANTHROPOLOGY. -- CHAPTER IX. THE "FALL OF MAN" AND ETHNOLOGY. -- CHAPTER X. THE "FALL OF MAN " AND HISTORY. -- CHAPTER XI. FROM "THE PRINCE OF THE POWER OF THE AIR" TO METEOROLOGY