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Just as each person develops from infancy to adulthood, all interpersonal relationships have a life history that encompasses the changes in how people communicate with each other. This book is about how a relationship transforms itself from one pattern of communication to another. The authors present a unique research method called 'relational-historical research', based on advances in dynamic systems theory in developmental psychology, and qualitative methods in life history research. It rests on three premises: that the developing relationship (not the individual) is the unit of analysis; that change emerges from, but is not entirely constrained by, the patterns of the past; and that the developmental process is best revealed by making frequent observations within a particular case before, during, and after a key developmental transition. Looking specifically at the mother–infant relationship, this is a compelling piece of research that will appeal to an international audience of intellectuals and practitioners

This up-to-date overview of the fast-moving field of infant development covers all the major areas of interest in terms of research, applications and policy. Each of the 26 chapters is written by a leading international researcher and offers a current review of the theory and research findings in his or her particular area of expertise. The volume is divided into four sections on perception and cognition; social, emotional and communicative development; risk factors in development; and contexts and policy issues. Integration and coherence across the Handbook are provided by editorial commentaries prefacing each section

How do human beings develop and function in relation to the human and natural world? The science of dynamic systems focuses on connections and relationships between people rather than on individual actions alone. This 2007 collection of engaging, non-technical essays, written by dynamic systems scientists in psychology, biology, anthropology, education, and sociology, challenges us to consider novel ways to enhance human development worldwide in the face of poverty, violence, neglect, disease and crises in our families. Focusing specifically on how to think about interventions and policies that will benefit human development from a systems perspective, this book brings research into the realm of application and policy. The authors use real-life examples to propose changes in clinical, educational and policy-making practices that will be of interest to professionals and practitioners alike

Mit zunehmender Verbesserung der Technologie ergeben sich neue Möglichkeiten, Forschungsvorhaben durchzuführen. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt die Anwendung der Videobearbeitungssoftware Adobe Premiere in der qualitativen Forschung. Zur Veranschaulichung der Vor- und Nachteile dieses neuen Tools für qualitative Beobachtungsstudien verwenden wir Beispiele aus unseren Untersuchungen über Mutter-Säuglings-Beziehungen. Die Vorteile in der Anwendung von Videobearbeitungssoftware liegen in der Art und Weise, wie Datenmaterial strukturiert, präsentiert und bearbeitet werden kann, was bis dato so nicht möglich war. Indem nur die Videosegmente, die für die Studie relevant sind, aufgezeichnet und chronologisch geordnet werden können, wird es möglich, Filme zusammenzustellen, die von der Größe her gut handhabbar sind und die zu weiteren Analysezwecken relativ einfach weiterverarbeitet werden können. Dies bietet neuartige Wege, um Entwicklungsstadien zu visualisieren und zu analysieren. Des weiteren diskutieren wir den potentiellen Gewinn und ethische Gesichtspunkte, die berücksichtig werden müssen, wenn digitales Videomaterial in Online-Zeitschriften veröffentlich wird.

Different types of infant smiles in the family of positive emotions were investigated during two mother‐infant games: peekaboo and tickle. There were 27 6‐month‐old infants and 28 12‐month‐olds. Infant smiles were coded as simple (lip corner retraction only), Duchenne (simple plus cheek raising), play (simple plus jaw drop), and duplay (simple plus cheek raise and jaw drop). Results show that each type of smile has a systematic pattern of association with the game (peekaboo or tickle), component (setup or climax), trial (six trials for each game), and the direction of the infant's gaze. No significant age differences were found. We conclude that when smiling, infants may experience qualitatively different kinds of enjoyment during these two games: enjoyment of readiness to engage in play (simple smiles while gazing at mother during peekaboo), enjoyment of relief (simple smiles while gazing away from mother after being tickled), enjoyment of participation and agency (Duchenne smiles with gaze at mother during the climax of early tickle game trials), enjoyment of escape (Duchenne smiles while gazing away during tickle climax), and enjoyment of build‐up (duplay smiles during the climax of later trials). These findings show that the same facial action, smiling, can reflect different positive emotions depending upon cooccurring facial actions and the dynamics of the social process, and that the positive emotional experience of infants as young as six months is more complex than previously reported.

Just as each person develops from infancy to adulthood, all interpersonal relationships have a life history that encompasses the changes in how people communicate with each other. This book is about how a relationship transforms itself from one pattern of communication to another. Compelling and innovative, it offers original research

Weekly laboratory observations of free play for 13 middle‐income mother–infant dyads, from 1 to 6 months of age, were used to study the synchronization of developmental trajectories between infant postural position and gaze direction. Mothers sat in a straight‐backed chair while holding infants on their laps and were free to adjust the infant's posture. Postural position was coded as upright (supported sitting or standing on the mother's lap) or other (lying, cradling, or being held close to mother). Gaze was coded as either at mother's face or away. The age of onset of visually guided reaching was also assessed. Results show that there were longer durations of gazing away when the infant was in an upright position. Over the 5 month period of observation, the dyads began with a pattern of non‐upright positions accompanied by gaze at mother. Contrary to previous predictions, the developmental shift in the first 6 months from exclusive gazing at mother's face to gazing away from mother was not synchronized with the development of reaching, but rather with changes in the infant's posture to more upright positions. The possible role of postural position in fostering positive emotional communication is discussed.

AbstractInfants over one month of age tend to produce two types of smiling during especially positive social interactions, Duchenne smiles involving cheek raising and open‐mouth smiles. Little is known, however, about the prevalence, frequency, duration and organization of these smiles among neonates. Twenty‐five full‐term, healthy neonates (12 female) were videotaped during six minutes of sleep. Smiles were identified and analysed using an anatomically based coding system (FACS/Baby FACS). One‐half of the neonates showed bilateral Duchenne smiles. One‐quarter of the neonates showed bilateral Duchenne smiles at a mature level of intensity whose median duration was 1⅓ s. By contrast, open‐mouth bilateral smiles occurred in less than one‐tenth of the sample. The contrast between the more frequent bilateral Duchenne smiles and the less frequent open‐mouth smile is discussed in terms of the early synergistic functioning of facial muscles and contrasted with the smiling patterns of older infants.