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A brief overview is presented of the literature concerning the use of multivariate procedures to study social structure & political systems, the determinants of public policy. Local public planning activity is analyzed in its variations as it relates to community development. A more useful measure of planning commitment than previously available is developed using a Guttman scale procedure which cumulatively measures various dimensions of public planning activity. A causal model is constructed of the determinants of planning commitment & consists of several independent variables: linkage into the planning system, political competition, resource level, & the objective &/or perceived need for public planning. Three hundred counties in twelve eastern states were studied in 1970. The Guttman scale of local planning attributes provided a measure of local planning commitment which surpassed earlier measuring attempts. No significant relationship was found between planning commitment & community development. It is systematically possible to causally relate community SE structure to levels of public planning activity; more than 60% of the variance of this dependent variable can be explained in this fashion. 3 Tables. C. Grindle.

Venezuela is experiencing a transitional political process in which the government and the majority of Venezuelans want to move from a capitalist representative democracy to a more socialist participatory democracy. This transition is enmeshed in complexities, contradictions, and political opposition. Reflection on the experience of accompanying neighborhood groups in local decision making in Caracas from 2002 to 2006 suggests that planning practitioners and scholars can be allies in the grassroots processes of empowerment and self-determination of local communities and advocates and active agents in the "trickling-up" of greater planning participation to upper levels of government. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright holder.]

Venezuela is experiencing a transitional political process in which the government and the majority of Venezuelans want to move from a capitalist representative democracy to a more socialist participatory democracy. This transition is enmeshed in complexities, contradictions, and political opposition. Reflection on the experience of accompanying neighborhood groups in local decision making in Caracas from 2002 to 2006 suggests that planning practitioners and scholars can be allies in the grassroots processes of empowerment and self-determination of local communities and advocates and active agents in the "trickling-up" of greater planning participation to upper levels of government.

Purpose: To compare the degree to which youth with and without chronic conditions in the United States met physical activity (PA), screen time, and sleep duration guidelines. Design: A cross-sectional study using data from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health. Participants: A total of 24 405 youth (aged 10-17 years) with and without 1 of 19 prevalent chronic health conditions who participated in the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health. Measures: Parents reported on the time spent by their children in PA, screen time, and sleep. Analysis: Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted to estimate and compare health behavior guideline adherence rates among children with and without chronic conditions. Results: Overall, 18.7% of children with chronic conditions did not meet any health behavior guidelines compared to 15.6% of children without chronic conditions. Children with hearing impairments, diabetes, and depression were most likely to not meet any health behavior guidelines (27.9%, 25.4%, and 21.7%, respectively). Of the 3 guidelines, children with and without chronic conditions were least likely to meet the PA guideline (18.6% and 21%, respectively). Conclusions: This study identifies specific groups of children with chronic conditions that are most at risk of not meeting health behavior guidelines. The findings highlight specific behaviors in most need of intervention for children with chronic conditions; PA was identified as the most frequently unmet guideline. Overall findings suggest a need for a more integrated, holistic view of health promotion for children with chronic conditions.

Venezuela is experiencing a transitional political process in which the government and the majority of Venezuelans want to move from a capitalist representative democracy to a more socialist participatory democracy. This transition is enmeshed in complexities, contradictions, and political opposition. Reflection on the experience of accompanying neighborhood groups in local decision making in Caracas from 2002 to 2006 suggests that planning practitioners and scholars can be allies in the grassroots processes of empowerment and self-determination of local communities and advocates and active agents in the "trickling-up" of greater planning participation to upper levels of government.

Purpose.Examine the effects of father-child involvement and neighborhood characteristics with young children's physical activity (PA) within a multilevel framework.Design.Cross-sectional analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort 1998.Setting.Nationally representative sample.Subjects.Data were available for 10,694 kindergartners (5–6 years; 5240 girls) living in 1053 neighborhoods.Measures.Parental report of child's PA level, father characteristics (e.g., time spent with child, age, education, socioeconomic status, hours worked), family time spent doing sports/activities together, and neighborhood quality (e.g., safety, presence of crime violence, garbage). Child weight status, motor skills, ethnicity, and television viewing were used as covariates.Analysis.Multilevel structural equation modeling with children nested within neighborhoods.Results.At the child level father-child time and family time doing sports together were positively associated with children's PA. At the neighborhood level parental perception of a neighborhood's safety for children to play outside fully mediated the effect of neighborhood quality on children's PA. Overall 19.1% and 7.6% of the variance in PA was explained at the child and neighborhood levels, respectively.Conclusions.Family-based interventions for PA should consider father-child time, with this contributing to a child's overall PA level. Further, neighborhood quality is an important predictor of PA only to the extent by which parents perceive it to be unsafe for their child to play outdoors.