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International audience ; Processes of identity and historical appropriation, rooted in economic purpose, are today arising in South Africa. A tourism activity, based on authenticity and interaction, becomes particularly popular: the Township tours. It assumes an episode of the country history, i.e. urban segregation, which was given a lot of media coverage. In the meantime, it tries to invert the repulsive image that is commonly associated with apartheid. The attraction for township areas has to be linked to the wish of understanding the institutionalized racial discrimination in South Africa, as well as its pacific end. Paradoxically, the reputation of dangerousness, poverty and informality of those former black urban areas seems to act as a loss leader. Through the example of the province of KwaZulu-Natal, it will be seen that this new socio-tourist activity is now playing a multiculturalism card carried by popular icons, with the local development target in the background. ; Des processus de réappropriation identitaire et historique, à finalité économique, sont à l'œuvre à l'heure actuelle en Afrique du Sud. Un type de tourisme au caractère authentique et interactif connaît notamment un certain engouement : les Township tours. Il assume un épisode médiatisé de l'histoire du pays, soit l'apartheid urbain, en tentant d'inverser l'image répulsive qui lui est associée. L'attirance pour les townships se nourrit d'un désir de compréhension de la ségrégation raciale institutionnalisée et de la mise à bas d'une politique inique. Paradoxalement, la réputation de dangerosité, de pauvreté et « d'informalité » accolée à ces quartiers noirs semble aussi agir comme un produit d'appel. A travers l'exemple de la province du KwaZulu-Natal, il sera vu que cette activité socio-touristique s'oriente à présent vers un multiculturalisme prudent, porté par des icônes (inter)nationales, avec en toile de fond les velléités de développement local.

International audience ; Processes of identity and historical appropriation, rooted in economic purpose, are today arising in South Africa. A tourism activity, based on authenticity and interaction, becomes particularly popular: the Township tours. It assumes an episode of the country history, i.e. urban segregation, which was given a lot of media coverage. In the meantime, it tries to invert the repulsive image that is commonly associated with apartheid. The attraction for township areas has to be linked to the wish of understanding the institutionalized racial discrimination in South Africa, as well as its pacific end. Paradoxically, the reputation of dangerousness, poverty and informality of those former black urban areas seems to act as a loss leader. Through the example of the province of KwaZulu-Natal, it will be seen that this new socio-tourist activity is now playing a multiculturalism card carried by popular icons, with the local development target in the background. ; Des processus de réappropriation identitaire et historique, à finalité économique, sont à l'œuvre à l'heure actuelle en Afrique du Sud. Un type de tourisme au caractère authentique et interactif connaît notamment un certain engouement : les Township tours. Il assume un épisode médiatisé de l'histoire du pays, soit l'apartheid urbain, en tentant d'inverser l'image répulsive qui lui est associée. L'attirance pour les townships se nourrit d'un désir de compréhension de la ségrégation raciale institutionnalisée et de la mise à bas d'une politique inique. Paradoxalement, la réputation de dangerosité, de pauvreté et « d'informalité » accolée à ces quartiers noirs semble aussi agir comme un produit d'appel. A travers l'exemple de la province du KwaZulu-Natal, il sera vu que cette activité socio-touristique s'oriente à présent vers un multiculturalisme prudent, porté par des icônes (inter)nationales, avec en toile de fond les velléités de développement local.

International audience ; As one of the oldest game reserves in austral Africa, the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park (HIP), set in the heart of the KwaZulu-Natal province, has become a south-african example as a conservation sanctuary involved in ecotourism practices. Its rich biodiversity has paved the way to protection, tourism and participation initiatives during its development. Located in a country, which also gave priority to the sustainable/responsible tourism issues (in relation to its rich potential, level of services as well as strong governmental policy), the results are not free from several fragilities and insufficiencies. One also has to relate these facts to the inherited national socio-economical stakes. Finally, the particularity of HIP led in a mixed of seducing and, in such way, ambiguous ecotourism reality, putting together a strong and old provincial conservation programme, a diversified and adaptable tourism activity as well as a gradual involvement from the nearby tribal authorities in the Park policy. ; Comptant parmi les plus vieilles réserves naturelles d'Afrique australe, l'aire protégée de Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Parc (HIP) se situe dans la province du KwaZulu-Natal en Afrique du Sud. Elle est aujourd'hui représentative d'une Afrique du Sud sauvage et ouverte aux visiteurs, dans un pays ayant fait une priorité des axes de durabilité/responsabilité touristique (sur la base d'un fort potentiel, de prestations de qualité et de l'orientation politique). En s'engageant dans la voie écotouristique, HIP est le cadre d'initiatives, en la matière, qualifiées de novatrices lors de leur établissement. Toutefois, le constat d'ensemble n'est pas exempt de fragilités, qu'il convient aussi de rapporter à d'importants défis hérités. Au-delà des résultats encourageants et des insuffisances notables, la politique du Parc, derrière la flexibilité touristique et la progression de l'échelon communautaire limitrophe, reste pour le moins ambiguë, dans ses aspects territoriaux comme dans l'implication des acteurs.

International audience ; As one of the oldest game reserves in austral Africa, the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park (HIP), set in the heart of the KwaZulu-Natal province, has become a south-african example as a conservation sanctuary involved in ecotourism practices. Its rich biodiversity has paved the way to protection, tourism and participation initiatives during its development. Located in a country, which also gave priority to the sustainable/responsible tourism issues (in relation to its rich potential, level of services as well as strong governmental policy), the results are not free from several fragilities and insufficiencies. One also has to relate these facts to the inherited national socio-economical stakes. Finally, the particularity of HIP led in a mixed of seducing and, in such way, ambiguous ecotourism reality, putting together a strong and old provincial conservation programme, a diversified and adaptable tourism activity as well as a gradual involvement from the nearby tribal authorities in the Park policy. ; Comptant parmi les plus vieilles réserves naturelles d'Afrique australe, l'aire protégée de Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Parc (HIP) se situe dans la province du KwaZulu-Natal en Afrique du Sud. Elle est aujourd'hui représentative d'une Afrique du Sud sauvage et ouverte aux visiteurs, dans un pays ayant fait une priorité des axes de durabilité/responsabilité touristique (sur la base d'un fort potentiel, de prestations de qualité et de l'orientation politique). En s'engageant dans la voie écotouristique, HIP est le cadre d'initiatives, en la matière, qualifiées de novatrices lors de leur établissement. Toutefois, le constat d'ensemble n'est pas exempt de fragilités, qu'il convient aussi de rapporter à d'importants défis hérités. Au-delà des résultats encourageants et des insuffisances notables, la politique du Parc, derrière la flexibilité touristique et la progression de l'échelon communautaire limitrophe, reste pour le moins ambiguë, dans ses aspects territoriaux comme dans l'implication des acteurs.

International audience ; The worldwide spread of gated residential developments (GRDs) reached Southern Africa in the late 1980s, at a time of dramatic political and urban change. Their success has been primarily interpreted as an outcome of the transformations affecting cities, i.e. perceived decreased security and changing racial patterns. Such analyses are embedded in the fragmentation of urban societies and shed light on community or household strategies. Breaking away from this perspective, we argue that, although GRDs fit very well into unequal postcolonial, postwar or post-apartheid societies, they should also be envisioned as polymorphic real estate products tailored to care for the middle classes of the corresponding urban contexts. By focusing on the role of developers, estate agents and international aid networks in spreading this model in Cape Town, Maputo and Windhoek, we highlight the importance of market-related and political processes, as well as the influence of the local urban, political and town planning contexts on the adaptation of this private suburban housing product. The circulation of this model is geographically analysed in terms of scales and local contexts through a comparative approach that allows us to assess how it adapts to or disrupts inherited urban patterns and planning traditions.

International audience ; The worldwide spread of gated residential developments (GRDs) reached Southern Africa in the late 1980s, at a time of dramatic political and urban change. Their success has been primarily interpreted as an outcome of the transformations affecting cities, i.e. perceived decreased security and changing racial patterns. Such analyses are embedded in the fragmentation of urban societies and shed light on community or household strategies. Breaking away from this perspective, we argue that, although GRDs fit very well into unequal postcolonial, postwar or post-apartheid societies, they should also be envisioned as polymorphic real estate products tailored to care for the middle classes of the corresponding urban contexts. By focusing on the role of developers, estate agents and international aid networks in spreading this model in Cape Town, Maputo and Windhoek, we highlight the importance of market-related and political processes, as well as the influence of the local urban, political and town planning contexts on the adaptation of this private suburban housing product. The circulation of this model is geographically analysed in terms of scales and local contexts through a comparative approach that allows us to assess how it adapts to or disrupts inherited urban patterns and planning traditions.

International audience ; The worldwide spread of gated residential developments (GRDs) reached Southern Africa in the late 1980s, at a time of dramatic political and urban change. Their success has been primarily interpreted as an outcome of the transformations affecting cities, i.e. perceived decreased security and changing racial patterns. Such analyses are embedded in the fragmentation of urban societies and shed light on community or household strategies. Breaking away from this perspective, we argue that, although GRDs fit very well into unequal postcolonial, postwar or post-apartheid societies, they should also be envisioned as polymorphic real estate products tailored to care for the middle classes of the corresponding urban contexts. By focusing on the role of developers, estate agents and international aid networks in spreading this model in Cape Town, Maputo and Windhoek, we highlight the importance of market-related and political processes, as well as the influence of the local urban, political and town planning contexts on the adaptation of this private suburban housing product. The circulation of this model is geographically analysed in terms of scales and local contexts through a comparative approach that allows us to assess how it adapts to or disrupts inherited urban patterns and planning traditions.

International audience ; The worldwide spread of gated residential developments (GRDs) reached Southern Africa in the late 1980s, at a time of dramatic political and urban change. Their success has been primarily interpreted as an outcome of the transformations affecting cities, i.e. perceived decreased security and changing racial patterns. Such analyses are embedded in the fragmentation of urban societies and shed light on community or household strategies. Breaking away from this perspective, we argue that, although GRDs fit very well into unequal postcolonial, postwar or post-apartheid societies, they should also be envisioned as polymorphic real estate products tailored to care for the middle classes of the corresponding urban contexts. By focusing on the role of developers, estate agents and international aid networks in spreading this model in Cape Town, Maputo and Windhoek, we highlight the importance of market-related and political processes, as well as the influence of the local urban, political and town planning contexts on the adaptation of this private suburban housing product. The circulation of this model is geographically analysed in terms of scales and local contexts through a comparative approach that allows us to assess how it adapts to or disrupts inherited urban patterns and planning traditions.

AbstractThe worldwide spread of gated residential developments (GRDs) reached Southern Africa in the late 1980s, at a time of dramatic political and urban change. Their success has been primarily interpreted as an outcome of the transformations affecting cities, i.e. perceived decreased security and changing racial patterns. Such analyses are embedded in the fragmentation of urban societies and shed light on community or household strategies. Breaking away from this perspective, we argue that, although GRDs fit very well into unequal postcolonial, postwar or post‐apartheid societies, they should also be envisioned as polymorphic real estate products tailored to care for the middle classes of the corresponding urban contexts. By focusing on the role of developers, estate agents and international aid networks in spreading this model in Cape Town, Maputo and Windhoek, we highlight the importance of market‐related and political processes, as well as the influence of the local urban, political and town planning contexts on the adaptation of this private suburban housing product. The circulation of this model is geographically analysed in terms of scales and local contexts through a comparative approach that allows us to assess how it adapts to or disrupts inherited urban patterns and planning traditions.RésuméL'irrésistible mouvement mondial de propagation des résidences fermées a atteint l'Afrique australe dans les années 1980, à un moment où la sous‐région connaissait des transformations urbaines et politiques spectaculaires (transition post‐apartheid, situation post‐conflit). Le succès de cette option résidentielle a donc été attribué au désir des classes moyennes de s'affranchir des transformations raciales en cours dans ces sociétés urbaines et à la montée du sentiment d'insécurité. Cette lecture renvoie aux débats sur la fragmentation sociale et met l'accent sur les stratégies communautaires ou individuelles des ménages. Or si les résidences clôturées trouvent un terrain d'expansion favorable dans des contextes postcoloniaux et de transition, elles constituent également des produits immobiliers polymorphes, conçus pour s'adapter à la diversité des classes moyennes des villes dans lesquels elles s'implantent. On choisit ici de les considérer sous cet angle en analysant le rôle que jouent les promoteurs, les agents immobiliers et les réseaux internationaux de l'aide au développement dans la diffusion de ce modèle, ainsi que les dynamiques de marché et les processus politiques qui président à leur succès au Cap, à Maputo et à Windhoek. A travers une lecture géographique et comparative du phénomène dans ces trois villes, on étudie la manière dont ce produit immobilier suburbain s'adapte aux structures urbaines et aux traditions de planification urbaine de ces villes (ou au contraire les bouleversent), comment il circule à plusieurs d'échelles dans la sous‐région (intra‐urbaine, interurbaine et régionale), ainsi que le poids des contextes locaux dans la réception et les déclinaisons de ce modèle.

International audience ; The worldwide spread of gated residential developments (GRDs) reached Southern Africa in the late 1980s, at a time of dramatic political and urban change. Their success has been primarily interpreted as an outcome of the transformations affecting cities, i.e. perceived decreased security and changing racial patterns. Such analyses are embedded in the fragmentation of urban societies and shed light on community or household strategies. Breaking away from this perspective, we argue that, although GRDs fit very well into unequal postcolonial, postwar or post-apartheid societies, they should also be envisioned as polymorphic real estate products tailored to care for the middle classes of the corresponding urban contexts. By focusing on the role of developers, estate agents and international aid networks in spreading this model in Cape Town, Maputo and Windhoek, we highlight the importance of market-related and political processes, as well as the influence of the local urban, political and town planning contexts on the adaptation of this private suburban housing product. The circulation of this model is geographically analysed in terms of scales and local contexts through a comparative approach that allows us to assess how it adapts to or disrupts inherited urban patterns and planning traditions.

International audience ; The worldwide spread of gated residential developments (GRDs) reached Southern Africa in the late 1980s, at a time of dramatic political and urban change. Their success has been primarily interpreted as an outcome of the transformations affecting cities, i.e. perceived decreased security and changing racial patterns. Such analyses are embedded in the fragmentation of urban societies and shed light on community or household strategies. Breaking away from this perspective, we argue that, although GRDs fit very well into unequal postcolonial, postwar or post-apartheid societies, they should also be envisioned as polymorphic real estate products tailored to care for the middle classes of the corresponding urban contexts. By focusing on the role of developers, estate agents and international aid networks in spreading this model in Cape Town, Maputo and Windhoek, we highlight the importance of market-related and political processes, as well as the influence of the local urban, political and town planning contexts on the adaptation of this private suburban housing product. The circulation of this model is geographically analysed in terms of scales and local contexts through a comparative approach that allows us to assess how it adapts to or disrupts inherited urban patterns and planning traditions.