Reindeer Hunters of the Ice Age in Europe: Economy, Ecology, and the Annual Nomadic Cycle
Intro -- Foreword -- Preface: From the Whole to the Parts, from the Parts to the Whole -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Issues and Approach -- 1.1 Issues -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.3 This Work -- References -- Chapter 2: Contexts and Subject Matter -- 2.1 From the Aurignacian to the Magdalenian: Palaeolithic "Cultures"? -- 2.2 The Environment in France During the Upper Pleniglacial and Tardiglacial -- 2.2.1 Chrono-environmental Framework (29,000-14,000 cal BP) (Fig. 2.1) -- 2.2.2 Cold Environments... but Which Ones? -- 2.3 Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) -- 2.3.1 An Animal Adapted to the Cold -- 2.3.2 Reindeer Before 33,000 cal BP in Europe and France -- 2.4 Composition of Research Collections and Study Zones (Figs. 2.20 and 2.21) -- 2.4.1 Sites Surveyed and Inventoried -- 2.4.2 Composition of the Regions (cf. Fig. 2.20) -- Appendix 1: Studied Corpus -- Appendix 2: Reindeer Proportion in All Surveyed Assemblages, by Period (idem App 1) -- References -- Chapter 3: The Role of Reindeer in the Economy of Animal Resources Between 30,000 and 14,000 cal BP -- 3.1 The Reindeer Proportion Among the Hunted Animals -- 3.1.1 Variation Through Time -- 3.1.2 Variation in Space -- 3.1.3 Initial Findings -- 3.2 Reindeer Hunting Strategies -- 3.2.1 Reindeer of All Ages: The Choice Not to Choose -- 3.2.2 Few Adult Males -- 3.2.3 More or Less Seasonal Hunting -- 3.3 Reindeer Antler: Procurement Strategies, Seasonal Availability, and Raw Material Management -- 3.3.1 Perspectives, Issues and Challenges -- 3.3.2 Results -- 3.3.3 Antler Exploitation at the Regional Scale -- 3.3.4 The Role of Antler Exploitation in the Annual Cycle: Hypotheses -- 3.4 Conclusion: The Economic Role of Reindeer -- References -- Chapter 4: Reindeer Mobility and Human Mobility in the Upper Pleniglacial and Tardiglacial -- 4.1 Current Knowledge and Objectives.