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Cover -- Title page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables and Figures -- Foreword: An APHA Perspective -- Foreword: The Long Trajectory -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- I. IS RACISM A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE? -- 2 Overcoming the Impact of Racism on the Health of Communities: What We Have Learned and What We Have Not -- Appendix 2A: Historical Documents -- 3 "We Just Haven't Put Our Minds to It": An Interview With David Williams Describing the Trajectory of His Career Studying Racism -- 4 A Call for Leadership in Tackling Systemic and Structural Racism in the Academy -- A Note From the Battlefield -- II. HOW DOES RACISM AFFECT HEALTH? -- 5 Black-White Health Inequalities by Intentional Design: The Lasting Health Impact of Racial Residential Segregation -- 6 Structural Racism in Policing and Mass Incarceration: A Driver of Health Disparities in Black and Latino/Latina Communities -- 7 Critical Race Theory, Racial Stratification in Education, and Public Health -- INTERPERSONAL- AND INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL MECHANISMS -- 8 John Henryism, Structural Racism, and Cardiovascular Health Risks in Black Americans -- 9 The Burden of Cultural Racism: Vigilance and Racial Health Inequities -- 10 Racism Across the Life Course -- ACTION AND ALLEGORIES -- 11 Action and Allegories -- III. WHAT DO WE DO? -- A Note From the Battlefield -- 12 Epidemiology-Why Epidemiologists Must Reckon With Racism -- 13 Scientific Literacy: An Opportunity for Meaningful Engagement of Communities of Color in Public Health Research -- 14 Health Care: Antiracism Organizing for Culture and Institutional Change in Cancer Care -- Appendix 14A: HEET Evaluation Survey -- Appendix 14B: HEET Observation Tool -- Appendix 14C: HEET Debriefing Questions for Facilitators and Observers -- 15 Organizing-What Do White People Need to Know to Be Effective Antiracism Allies Within Public Health?.

Ethn Dis. 2022;32(3):239-242; doi:10.18865/ed.32.3.239

Ethn Dis. 2022;32(2):149-150; doi:10.18865/ed.32.2.149

Ethn Dis. 2022; 32(1):69-72; doi:10.18865/ed.32.1.69

<p>Over the past two years, the persistence of racism in the United States has been particularly pronounced in the policies and actions of the administration of President Donald J. Trump; however, the structure of the United States has been racialized since its inception. This supplement of <em>Ethnicity &amp; Disease </em>uses Critical Race Theory (CRT) to explore several implications for public health and public health research. We intend for it to spark conversations in the classroom and among researchers on how racial phenomena operate and how we as a field can address racism. <em></em></p><p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2018;28(Suppl 1):219-222; doi:10.18865/ed.28.S1.219.</p>

<p>Gloria Ladson-Billings cautiously promotes the use of Critical Race Theory (CRT) to address racism's contribution to educational disparities. Nearly a decade ago, we issued a similar call to the multidisciplinary field of public health. Public health touts its progressive roots and focus on equity, but do those efforts draw on CRT? To answer this question, we define CRT, describe its origin in the field of law, and review the ways its use has grown in the field of public health. Public health interventions and poli­cies rely heavily on evidence; therefore, we re-introduce the semi-structured research method we developed to facilitate empiri­cal application of CRT, ie, the Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP).</p><p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2018;28(Suppl 1):223-230; doi:10.18865/ed.28.S1.223</p>

AbstractRacial minorities bear a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality. These inequities might be explained by racism, given the fact that racism has restricted the lives of racial minorities and immigrants throughout history. Recent studies have documented that individuals who report experiencing racism have greater rates of illnesses. While this body of research has been invaluable in advancing knowledge on health inequities, it still locates the experiences of racism at the individual level. Yet, the health of social groups is likely most strongly affected by structural, rather than individual, phenomena. The structural forms of racism and their relationship to health inequities remain under-studied. This article reviews several ways of conceptualizing structural racism, with a focus on social segregation, immigration policy, and intergenerational effects. Studies of disparities should more seriously consider the multiple dimensions of structural racism as fundamental causes of health disparities.

This is the second volume of a two-volume special issue of the American Indian Culture and Research Journal dedicated to the indirect impact of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples. The first, 44.2, reports on COVID-19's extensive impact on Indigenous Peoples and the resulting variety of responses at community and local levels. This second volume, 44.3, provides specific research and insights for improving reporting, identification, and prevention of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Several contributors to this issue respond to the urgent need to ensure, for small populations, and Indigenous Peoples in particular, that data collection provides detailed information on race and tribal nation identifiers. Like this lack of data disaggregation, data inaccuracy also impedes understanding of the impact of a pandemic. Other researchers find that a hallmark of this pandemic—the shift from in-person to virtual interactions in many aspects of life—has clarified that innovative telehealth and virtual methods already underway for Indigenous Peoples may represent the frontiers of better health care, access, and service. "Moving Forward: No Scientific Integrity without an Acknowledgment of Past Wrongs," a commentary emphasizing the necessary actions the US government must take if progress is to be made, concludes this special issue.

Ethn Dis. 2022;32(4):351-356; doi:10.18865/ed.32.4.351

Inadequate attention to racial health equity is a common challenge to effective, reliable monitoring and mitigation of COVID-19 disparities. Efforts to monitor and miti­gate COVID-19 disparities continue to be hampered by inadequacies in how surveil­lance systems collect, tabulate, and report COVID-19-related outcomes. We conduct­ed environmental scans of existing public health surveillance systems and reporting standards, literature reviews, focus groups with surveillance experts, and consulta­tions with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and an expert panel on surveillance to identify and explore strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in how ex­isting systems monitor COVID-19 and their implications for addressing disparities in related outcomes. We present recommen­dations based on these reviews and propose a core minimum set of health indicators and best-practice standards for reporting these indicators by COVID-19 surveillance sys­tems to monitor racial/ethnic and other dis­parities in the pandemic. These recommen­dations are relevant to monitoring disparities in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and may inform monitoring of future epidemics. This discussion is part of an effort by Project REFOCUS to develop syndemic surveil­lance systems for monitoring the intersecting pandemics of COVID-19 and racism. Ethn Dis. 2022;32(2):151-164; doi:10.18865/ed.32.2.151

Introduction: The general public was discussing racism and potential inequities in COVID-19 vaccinations among Afri­can Americans on Twitter before the first COVID-19 vaccine received emergency use authorization, but it is unclear how US state health departments (SHDs) were using Twitter to address the inequities. This study examines the frequency, content and timing of SHD tweets during the US rollout of the first SARS Co-V2 vaccine.Methods: This was a prospective study of tweets posted from the official Twitter ac­counts of each of the 50 US SHDs and the DC health department from October 19, 2020 to February 28, 2021. We retrieved the content and metadata of 100% of their tweets; calculated frequencies and propor­tions of tweets containing key terms related to COVID-19 vaccines, equity and racism; stratified the data by region; and charted longitudinal trends.Results: Overall, SHDs tweeted infrequent­ly, and rarely tweeted about inequities, mis­trust or racism. Though 55.48% of all SHD tweets were about COVID-19, hardly any tweets contained the terms: race/ethnic­ity (1.20%); equity (1.09); mistrust (.59%); or racism (.06%). Similar patterns existed among vaccination-related tweets, which accounted for 24.38% of all tweets. Only 21.64% of vaccination-related tweets con­taining any race/ethnicity, equity, mistrust, or racism terms were posted prior to the first Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Those about African Americans (70.45%) were posted ≥8 weeks after EUA.Conclusions: Concerns about racism and inequities in COVID-19 vaccination continue on Twitter, but SHDs rarely tweet about them. This strikes a worrisome chord of disconnection from the science linking health inequities to racism.Ethn Dis.2022; 32(3):257-264; doi:10.18865/ed.32.3.257

Background: Racism persists, underscoring the need to rapidly document the perspec­tives and experiences of Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) groups as well as marginalized populations (eg, formerly incarcerated people) during pandemics.Objective: This methods paper offers a model for using Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) and related critical meth­odologies (ie, feminist and decolonizing methods) to inform the conceptualization, methods, and dissemination of qualitative research undertaken in response to the evolving COVID-19 pandemic.Sample: Using purposive snowball sam­pling, we identified organizations involved with health equity and social justice advo­cacy among BIPOC and socially marginal­ized populations. Focus group participants (N=63) included community members, organizers, activists, and health workers.Design: We conducted topic-specific (eg, reproductive justice) and population-specific (eg, Asian and Pacific Islander) focus groups (N=16 focus groups) in rapid succes­sion using Zoom software.Methods: A self-reflexive, iterative praxis guided theorization, data collection and analysis. We obtained community input on study design, the semi-structured discussion guide, ethical considerations and dissemi­nation. Applying PHCRP, we assessed our assumptions iteratively. We transcribed each interview verbatim, de-identified the data, then used two distinct qualitative tech­niques to code and analyze them: thematic analysis to identify unifying concepts that recur across focus groups and narrative analysis to keep each participant's story intact.Results: The praxis facilitated relationship-building with partners and supported the iterative assessment of assumptions. Logisti­cal constraints included difficulty ensuring the confidentiality of virtual discussions.Conclusions: These novel approaches provide an effective model for community-engaged qualitative research during a pandemic. Ethn Dis. 2022;32(3):243-256; doi:10.18865/ed.32.3.243