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Nonprofit organizations, their consultants, and researchers have well-developed ideas about how to evaluate service provision. Yet researchers seem to know much less about how to evaluate their policy campaigning. Perhaps this is not surprising. Because typical campaigning situations are complex, and because "consumer" constituencies are hard to identify and may typically be in mutual conflict, the relationship between activity and impact in campaign management is uncertain. This article develops an approach to the problem by concentrating on the evaluation of strategy rather than of impact directly. It combines policy analysis, norm and convention analysis, and economic analysis of efficiency. The central innovation, however, is to apply game theory to appraise the effectiveness of campaign strategies. A worked example of the approach is given.

Objective: The aim of this study was to validate a new generic patient-reported outcome measure, the Long-Term Conditions Questionnaire (LTCQ), among a diverse sample of health and social care users in England. Design: Cross-sectional validation survey. Data were collected through postal surveys (February 2016 - January 2017). The sample included a health care cohort of patients recruited through primary care practices, and a social care cohort recruited through local government bodies that provide social care services. Participants: 1,211 participants (24% confirmed social care recipients) took part in the study. Health care participants were recruited on the basis of having one of eleven specified LTCs, and social care participants were recruited on the basis of receiving social care support for at least one LTC. The sample exhibited high multi-morbidity, with 93% reporting two or more LTCs and 43% reporting a mental health condition. Outcome measures: The LTCQ's construct validity was tested with reference to the EQ-5D (5-level version), the Self-efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease scale, an Activities of Daily Living scale, and the Bayliss burden of morbidity scale. Results: Low levels of missing data for each item indicate acceptability of the LTCQ across the sample. The LTCQ exhibits high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.95) across the scale's 20 items and excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.94, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.95). Associations between the LTCQ and all reference measures were moderate to strong and in the expected directions, indicating convergent construct validity. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for the reliability and validity of the Long-Term Conditions Questionnaire, which has potential for use in both health and social care settings. The LTCQ could meet a need for holistic outcome measurement that goes beyond symptoms and physical function, complementing existing measures to fully capture what it means to live well with LTCs.