Suchergebnisse

Podria donar-se el cas que qui creï un robot que interactua amb humans desconegui quins són els requeriments legals que ha de seguir per a complir amb la llei, ja sigui perquè no existeixi una llei específica per a dit producte, perquè no sigui molt clar quins són els impactes que dits dispositius tenen a nivell legal o simplement perquè la llei és massa genèrica i sigui necessària una concreció al cas concret. D'altra banda, no és menys cert que el ràpid avenç de les noves tecnologies també dificulta la resposta del sistema legislatiu: per exemple, la regulació de vehicles i transport no contempla un vehicle autònom sense conductor com a categoria, així com tampoc un hominoide que va pel carrer gaudeix de cap categoria concreta com altres (vianant, motocicleta, camió) tenen. Per aclarir, així doncs, quins són els aspectes legals a tenir en compte davant la creació d'una nova tecnologia – en aquest cas un robot – és important conduir un anàlisi dels diferents impactes que aquests poden tenir a nivell legal. Aquesta avaluació s'hauria de fer, primer de tot, amb les regulacions existents i així determinar si la creació tecnològica es manté dins l'espai de llibertat legal. Si dit espai no s'oposa a la creació, els roboticistes podran continuar desenvolupant-la. En canvi, si els roboticistes troben algunes limitacions bé podran 1) ajustar el robot a les demandes del marc regulador existent; 2) iniciar una negociació amb el legislador per a canviar la llei, de manera que el robot compleixi amb la nova normativa; o 3) dur a terme el pla original i assumir el risc de no ser conforme a la normativa. El legislador pot, per altra banda, discutir les regulacions existents amb els desenvolupadors de robots i donar una resposta jurídica en conseqüència. En un món idíl·lic, els robots no comporten cap espècie de risc i, per tant, qualsevol amenaça podria abordar-se des de la prevenció, i qualsevol oportunitat des de la facilitació. La realitat nogensmenys és molt més complexa i tot sovint els impactes són ben incerts, ...

Abstract
There is an increasing gap between the policy cycle's speed and that of technological and social change. This gap is becoming broader and more prominent in robotics, that is, movable machines that perform tasks either automatically or with a degree of autonomy. This is because current legislation was unprepared for machine learning and autonomous agents. As a result, the law often lags behind and does not adequately frame robot technologies. This state of affairs inevitably increases legal uncertainty. It is unclear what regulatory frameworks developers have to follow to comply, often resulting in technology that does not perform well in the wild, is unsafe, and can exacerbate biases and lead to discrimination. This paper explores these issues and considers the background, key findings, and lessons learned of the LIAISON project, which stands for "Liaising robot development and policymaking," and aims to ideate an alignment model for robots' legal appraisal channeling robot policy development from a hybrid top-down/bottom-up perspective to solve this mismatch. As such, LIAISON seeks to uncover to what extent compliance tools could be used as data generators for robot policy purposes to unravel an optimal regulatory framing for existing and emerging robot technologies.

Abstract
From exoskeletons to lightweight robotic suits, wearable robots are changing dynamically and rapidly, challenging the timeliness of laws and regulatory standards that were not prepared for robots that would help wheelchair users walk again. In this context, equipping regulators with technical knowledge on technologies could solve information asymmetries among developers and policymakers and avoid the problem of regulatory disconnection. This article introduces pushing robot development for lawmaking (PROPELLING), an financial support to third parties from the Horizon 2020 EUROBENCH project that explores how robot testing facilities could generate policy-relevant knowledge and support optimized regulations for robot technologies. With ISO 13482:2014 as a case study, PROPELLING investigates how robot testbeds could be used as data generators to improve the regulation for lower-limb exoskeletons. Specifically, the article discusses how robot testbeds could help regulators tackle hazards like fear of falling, instability in collisions, or define the safe scenarios for avoiding any adverse consequences generated by abrupt protective stops. The article's central point is that testbeds offer a promising setting to bring policymakers closer to research and development to make policies more attuned to societal needs. In this way, these approximations can be harnessed to unravel an optimal regulatory framework for emerging technologies, such as robots and artificial intelligence, based on science and evidence.

Ethical, legal and societal implications (ELSI) in the development of wearable robots (WRs) are currently not explicitly addressed in most guidelines for WR developers. Previous work has identified ELSI related to WRs, e.g., impacts on body and identity, ableism, data protection, control and responsibilities, but translation of these concerns into actionable recommendations remains outstanding. This paper provides practical guidance for the implementation of ELSI in WR design, development and use. First, we identify the need for domain-specific recommendations against the context of current ELSI guidance. We then demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of taking a domain-specific approach by successively transforming currently identified ELSI into an action-guiding flowchart for integration of ELSI specific to the different stages of WR development. This flowchart identifies specific questions to be considered by WR development teams and suggests actions to be taken in response. By tailoring ELSI guidance to WR developers, centring it on user needs, their relation to others and wider society, and being cognizant of existing legislation and values, we hope to help the community develop better WRs that are safer, have greater usability, and which impact positively on society.

Ethical, legal and societal implications (ELSI) in the development of wearable robots (WRs) are currently not explicitly addressed in most guidelines for WR developers. Previous work has identified ELSI related to WRs, e.g., impacts on body and identity, ableism, data protection, control and responsibilities, but translation of these concerns into actionable recommendations remains outstanding. This paper provides practical guidance for the implementation of ELSI in WR design, development and use. First, we identify the need for domain-specific recommendations against the context of current ELSI guidance. We then demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of taking a domain-specific approach by successively transforming currently identified ELSI into an action-guiding flowchart for integration of ELSI specific to the different stages of WR development. This flowchart identifies specific questions to be considered by WR development teams and suggests actions to be taken in response. By tailoring ELSI guidance to WR developers, centring it on user needs, their relation to others and wider society, and being cognizant of existing legislation and values, we hope to help the community develop better WRs that are safer, have greater usability, and which impact positively on society. ; Funding Agencies|COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) [16116]