Suchergebnisse

Cet article cherche à nuancer la thèse d'une «révolution» de la lecture romanesque, selon laquelle une nouvelle pratique de lecture, se caractérisant par une affirmation de la sensibilité et de la subjectivité du lecteur, émerge dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle.Analysée à la lumière des discours du XVIIe siècle sur le roman, cette lecture sensible, que définissent des auteurs comme Denis Diderot et Jean-Jacques Rousseau, se présente moins comme une rupture avec les pratiques antérieures que comme la revendication d'une dimension de la lecture romanesque qui était déjà bien présente par le passé. Réinscrite dans le processus de prise en charge culturelle de l'expérience romanesque qui s'étend à travers tout l'Ancien Régime, cette revendication accrue de la lecture affective témoigne moins d'un changement de sensibilité que de l'institutionnalisation de la lecture romanesque qui se développe depuis le début du XVIIe siècle. C'est parce que cette institutionnalisation a pris forme que les lecteurs de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle peuvent pleinement revendiquer une lecture affective, sans craindre que celle-ci conduise aux excès que dénoncent les détracteurs de la fiction.

Cet article s'attarde aux changements qu'entraîne la migration et qui amènent les pères immigrants à refaçonner et parfois même à réinventer leurs rapports familiaux et leur implication à cause de circonstances nouvelles, de nouveaux besoins et de nouvelles possibilités. C'est à partir des résultats d'une étude plus large menée à Montréal et portant sur la vulnérabilité des mères immigrantes en période périnatale qu'a été tiré l'essentiel des propos de cet article.

Abstract Background Healthcare reforms initiated in the early 2000s in Québec involved the implementation of new modes of primary healthcare (PHC) delivery and the creation of Health and Social Services Centers (HSSCs) to support it. The objective of this article is to assess and explain the degree of PHC organizational change achieved following these reforms. Methods We conducted two surveys of PHC organizations, in 2005 and 2010, in two regions of the province of Québec, Canada. From the responses to these surveys, we derived a measure of organizational change based on an index of conformity to an ideal type (ICIT). One set of explanatory variables was contextual, related to coercive, normative and mimetic influences; the other consisted of organizational variables that measured receptivity towards new PHC models. Multilevel analyses were performed to examine the relationships between ICIT change in the post-reform period and the explanatory variables. Results Positive results were attained, as expressed by increase in the ICIT score in the post-reform period, mainly due to implementation of new types of PHC organizations (Family Medicine Groups and Network Clinics). Organizational receptivity was the main explanatory variable mediating the effect of coercive and mimetic influences. Normative influence was not a significant factor in explaining changes. Conclusion Changes were modest at the system level but important with regard to new forms of PHC organizations. The top-down decreed reform was a determining factor in initiating change whereas local coercive and normative influences did not play a major role. The exemplar role played by certain PHC organizations through mimetic influence was more important. Receptivity of individual organizations was both a necessary condition and a mediating factor in influencing change. This supports the view that a combination of top-down and bottom-up strategy is best suited for achieving substantial changes in PHC local organization.

AbstractMunicipal wastewater effluent is one of the largest sources of pollution entering surface waters in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Exposure to wastewater effluent has been associated with impaired immune systems and induction of genotoxicity to aquatic animals. Due to habitat degradation and environmental pollution linked to industrial development and population growth, several regions of the Great Lakes have been designated Areas of Concern (AOCs). In this study, we assessed the effect of extracts of sewage influent, (treated) effluent and receiving surface waters from the Hamilton Harbour AOC and the Toronto and Region AOC (Ontario, Canada) on the phagocytic immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) kidney leukocytes and the genotoxicity (DNA strand breaks) of these extracts on freshwater mussel (Eurynia dilatata) hemocytes. We identified and quantified numerous chemicals present in the various samples extracted for exposure. In freshwater mussels, extracts from Hamilton Harbour AOC induced DNA damage with the most frequency (12 out of 28 samples) regardless of sample type, reflecting past and present industrial activities. In contrast, extracts from Toronto and Region AOC induced DNA damage infrequently (2 out of 32 (summer) and 5 out of 32 (fall) samples, respectively) and from different WWTPs at different times. None of the extracts induced any significant effect on phagocytosis of rainbow trout kidney leukocytes. The present study indicates that despite overall improvements to effluent quality, treatment of influent by WWTPs may not result in a corresponding improvement of the genotoxicity of effluents. In vitro bioassays are useful and cost-effective rapid-screening tools for preliminary assessments of contamination of aquatic ecosystems.