Search results

Media policies in Latin America : an overview ; Nationalism, censorship and transnational control / Elizabeth Fox -- Mass media and the collapse of a democratic tradition in Chile / Carlos Catal(c)Łn -- Revolution and the press in Peru / Juan Garg(c)ðrevich and Elizabeth Fox -- Communication policies in Mexico : an historical paradox of words and actions / Rub(c)♭n Sergio Caletti Kaplan -- Politics and regional television in Colombia / Elizabeth Fox and Patricia Anzola -- Communication, the church and social conflict in El Salvador, 1970-80 / Ricardo Sol Arriaza -- Repression and innovation under authoritarianism / Mar(c)Ưa de la Luz Hurtado -- Dictatorship and transition to democracy : Argentina 1973-86 / Heriberto Muraro -- Brazilian television : a rapid conversion to the new order / Cesar Guimar(c)Đes and Roberto Amaral -- Media, cultural processes and political systems / Oscar Landi -- Communication and politics in Uruguay / Roque Faraone and Elizabeth Fox -- Between memory and illusion : independent video in Brazil / Ingrid Sarti -- Bolivian television : when reality surpasses fiction / Ra(c)ðl Rivadeneira Prada -- Conclusions / Elizabeth Fox

Abstract
Normative understandings of Mongolian kinship have long revolved around metaphors of flesh, blood and bone, while substantive approaches have focused on materials such as umbilical cords and photographic montages. In this article, I argue that the flesh of livestock has been largely overlooked in considerations of Mongolian kinship, and I address the role of meat in making and maintaining relations, both among people and between people and their homelands (nutag). In pastoral Mongolia, herd animals enact and enable a wide range of social relations. However, in the ethnographic context discussed here – the Ulaanbaatar ger districts – urban-rural migrants live at a distance from animals. No longer herders, their access to nutag meat is reliant on their connections to countryside relatives, rendering meat a kinship-making substance in new ways. This paper begins the work of analysing the shift from animal to meat-based enactments of relatedness in the age of the market.

AbstractUntil recently, the Mongolian welfare system was entirely category based. However, a new food stamps programme funded by loans from the Asian Development Bank, which targets aid according to proxy means testing, has been introduced as part of the bank's aim to push Mongolia towards a fiscally sustainable welfare model. The food stamps programme is presented as efficient and responsible in contrast to Mongolia's universal child money programme. Based on long-term participant observation research in thegerdistricts of Ulaanbaatar, areas inhabited by many rural-urban migrants living in poverty, this paper compares the two programmes, interweaving street-level accounts of the experiences of residents and bureaucrats alike with the respective histories and funding sources of the two programmes. Doing so provides a multi-level analysis of the emergent welfare state in Mongolia, unpicking the 'system' thatgerdistrict residents encounter, linking the relative influence of international financial institutions to democratic and economic cycles, and offering a critique of the supposed efficiency of targeted welfare programmes.

In the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar, known as ger districts, a growing number of rural-to-urban migrants live without access to formal urban infrastructure or regular incomes. Under these challenging material conditions, personal networks take precedence, providing and regulating access to employment and meat provisioning. Looking beyond discussions of anticipation among migrants focusing on the goals of migration, I interrogate the role of anticipation in the making and maintaining of relational networks. Existing analyses of such networks in Mongolia have generally relied on idioms of reciprocity or obligation. Focusing instead on material transfers and transactions among ger district residents reveals such networks to be more ambiguous and prone to failure than notions of reciprocity or obligation can easily accommodate. This article argues that the productive contradiction within the concept of anticipation – encompassing both expectative waiting and pre-emptive action – can illuminate new aspects of these relations and networks in action.

This paper draws on fieldwork carried out in a cashmere factory in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Beginning my analysis as the raw wool enters the factory, I explore the factory as site in which multiple dreams come to exist and act on one other, focusing on the divide between management visions of the factory of the future and workers' engagements in secondary economies. I then follow how attention to the trajectories of cashmere and the dreams of the factory articulate with the contrasting hopes of young and old female factory employees as they find ways simultaneously to manufacture cashmere and nurture their own dreams of the future: projects that not only rely on the factory as a place that brings people together in dynamic and creative ways, but also work to deny the containment of its walls. By following the cashmere, I interweave analyses on a number of scales, rejecting the separation of the material into that of the micro or macro, and instead demonstrating how the making of cashmere is also a matter of making futures.

Begrebet kulturel afhængighed har altid spillet en stor rolle i den latin- amerikanske mediedebat og -politik. Elisabeth Fox diskuterer begre- bet både fra den praktiske side, mediepolitikken, og fra den teoretiske, udvikling af nye begreber om sammenhængen mellem kultur og øko- nomi. Hun viser, hvordan mediepolitikken på det latinamerikanske kontinent har udviklet sig gennem de sidste 30 år: De socialistiske regeringers forsøg i 60´erne og 70´erne på at beskytte den nationale kulturelle identitet gennem statsstyring af medierne. Militærregimernes brug af TV til propagandaformål. 80´ernes ekspansion i den privateje- de latinamerikanske medieindustri med stor eksport af telenovelaer og endelig 90´ernes privatiseringsbølge. Til slut i artiklen beskrives nogle af de nye teorier og begreber om kulturel afhængighed, der er udviklet i Latinamerika de sidste år. Artiklen er en redigeret udgave af et paper præsenteret på IAMCRs konference i Guarujá, Brasilien, august 1992 og udgivet i tidsskriftet Chasqui i 1993 i en redigeret udgave.

Latin politics, global media / Elizabeth Fox and Silvio Waisbord -- Transforming television in Argentina: market development and policy reform in the 1990s / Hern(c)Łn Galper(c)Ưn -- Mass media in Brazil: modernization to prevent change / Roberto Amaral -- The triumph of the media elite in postwar Central America / Rick Rockwell and Noreene Janus -- The reform of national television in Chile / Valerio Fuenzalida -- The Colombian media: modes and perspective in television / Fernando Calero Aparicio -- Mexico: the Fox factor / Rick Rockwell -- Mexico and Brazil: the aging dynasties / John Sinclair -- The transitional labyrinth in an emerging democracy: broadcasting policies in Paraguay / An(c)Ưbal Oru(c)♭ Pozzo -- Peruvian media in the 1990s: from deregulation to reorganization / Luis Peirano -- Television and the new Uruguayan state / Roque Faraone -- Venezuela and the media: the new paradigm / Jos(c)♭ Antonio Mayobre

Objective We proposed and demonstrate a theory-driven, quantitative, individual-level estimate of the degree to which cognitive processes are degraded or enhanced when multiple tasks are simultaneously completed. Background To evaluate multitasking, we used a performance-based cognitive model to predict efficient performance. The model controls for single-task performance at the individual level and does not depend on parametric assumptions, such as normality, which do not apply to many performance evaluations. Methods Twenty participants attempted to maintain their isolated task performance in combination for three dual-task and one triple-task scenarios. We utilized a computational model of multiple resource theory to form hypotheses for how performance in each environment would compare, relative to the other multitask contexts. We assessed if and to what extent multitask performance diverged from the model of efficient multitasking in each combination of tasks across multiple sessions. Results Across the two sessions, we found variable individual task performances but consistent patterns of multitask efficiency such that deficits were evident in all task combinations. All participants exhibited decrements in performing the triple-task condition. Conclusions We demonstrate a modeling framework that characterizes multitasking efficiency with a single score. Because it controls for single-task differences and makes no parametric assumptions, the measure enables researchers and system designers to directly compare efficiency across various individuals and complex situations. Application Multitask efficiency scores offer practical implications for the design of adaptive automation and training regimes. Furthermore, a system may be tailored for individuals or suggest task combinations that support productivity and minimize performance costs.