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This paper reviews the evidence on how households in Sub-Saharan Africa segment along consumption, income and earning dimensions relevant for quantitative macroeconomic policy models which incorporate heterogeneity. Key findings include the importance of home-grown food in the income and consumption of house-holds well up the income distribution, the lack of formal financial inclusion for all but the richest households, and the importance of non-wage income. These stylized facts suggest that an externally-generated macroeconomic shock and the short-term policy response would mainly affect the

The concept of empowerment is now widely used in several disciplines to characterize the states and social processes of individuals and communities. In economic development, the concept has come to mean women's power and agency in all economic domains and market-related interactions—earning, spending, and saving income; buying, owning, and selling assets; holding and inheriting wealth; starting and operating a business; acquiring a bank account or credit; and participating in or leading a union or other form of economic collective action. Measurement has lagged conceptualization. Most analytical research by economists, primarily involving impact evaluation, has measured empowerment as women's influence over household expenditures. This is a very narrow sliver of empowerment; not surprisingly, it is not well correlated with other economic or social outcomes. This paper suggests measuring empowerment in eight facets (a 4 x 2 matrix): (a) attitudes and (b) behaviors, in the domains of (i) transactions and markets; (ii) social interactions, including mobility and reproductive freedom; (iii) political and civic participation, including exercising legal rights; and (iv) psychology, including self-confidence and ability to seek mental health.

La reforma del sistema de pensiones europeo parte de diferencias de ingresos relativamente bajas, debidas parcialmente a la alta cobertura del sistema. En América Latina persisten los problemas de informalidad e insuficiente cobertura, y la desigualdad de ingresos es elevada. Aun así, ambas regiones avanzan hacia esquemas de cuentas individuales con fuertes vínculos entre contribuciones y prestaciones. América Latina ha introducido cuentas financieras obligatorias. Europa se mueve hacia cuentas de reparto de por vida. Algunos países europeos han establecido sistemas de contribuciones definidas nacionales. En América Latina, mientras la cobertura sea insuficiente, estarán en primer plano la necesidad de garantías para los pobres y el problema específico de la pobreza y las mujeres. Otras cu