Suchergebnisse

6. NEETs and the disengaged: the 'new' youth problem -- Introduction -- NEETs as the new 'youth problem'? -- Strategies for tackling the NEET 'problem' -- Welfare-to-workfare programmes -- The 'big business' of unemployment: quasi markets and private sector providers -- Does welfare-to-work work? -- The rise of the 'workfare state' -- Conclusion -- 7. Divergence and difference: contrasting cross-national experiences of being young -- Introduction -- Norway and the social democratic state -- Japan and the 'developmental state' -- Poland and the emerging post-communist state -- Spain and the Southern European model -- The state, youth and citizenship -- Conclusion -- 8. Education, work and welfare in diverse settings -- Introduction -- Post-16 education and training -- Graduate employment -- Unemployment and the NEET question -- Precarious work -- Active labour market policies and welfare-to-work -- Conclusion -- 9. Youth and mobility: inequality, leaving home and the question of youth migration -- Introduction -- Mobility: social mobility, inequality and the crisis -- Mobility: independent living and leaving home -- Mobility: migration and movement across borders -- Conclusion -- 10. After the crisis: social change and what it means to be young -- Youth and citizenship after the crisis -- The commodification of youth citizenship -- Privatisation of responsibility and inequality -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.

The six papers in this e-book emerge from The Centre for Research in Social Policy's (CRSP) 25th Anniversary conference Beyond Social Inclusion: Towards a More Equal Society?, held at Loughborough University in January 2009. The papers in this collection bring together a sociological analysis of social policy. All the papers draw upon and use a range of sociological approaches of analysis to understand and theorise the relationship between social policy and inequality

Embeds our understanding of youth question within a historical context. This book shows how ideas of past political action, in conjunction with diverse paradigms of social science disciplines, have shaped modern conceptions of youth question. It shows how youth question in late modernity is being shaped

The central emphasis of New Labour's anti-poverty strategy has been on tackling child poverty. While such an approach is both important and valuable youth poverty has been given limited attention. Low and unstable incomes are a major cause of poverty amongst young people and risks are greatly increased as they try to live independently and move out of the family home. In the discussion that follows, I argue that New Labour's continued commitment to the social exclusion agenda has marginalised both the problem of youth poverty and the necessary solutions. Social exclusion policy is more concerned with responsiblising families and young people and disciplining them to work regardless of its value. Little attention is given to addressing the problems of youth incomes or providing adequate housing support for those most vulnerable to poverty.

Intro -- Youth and Social Class -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Notes -- References -- 2 Class Matters -- Class: A Very British Phenomena? -- Class in the Antipodes -- Dispelling the Myth of 'Classlessness' in the Antipodes -- Theorising Class -- Class Theory in the Antipodes -- The Importance of Youth and Class -- Sociology of Education and the Question of Class Privilege -- A Bourdieusian Approach to Social Class -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3 Education, Social Mobility and the Enduring Nature of Class -- The 'Normalisation' of Post-compulsory Education -- The Vocational Training Sector -- The Graduate Market for Jobs -- Winners and Losers: Enduring Class Inequality in Post-16 Education -- A Lack of Aspiration? -- University Is 'Not for People Like Me': The Role of Habitus -- Beyond Access: Higher Education as Class Based Experience -- Parental Use of Economic Capital -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 4 Young People, Work and Social Class -- Social Class in Studies of Young People's Working Lives: An Issue of Diminishing Interest -- How Youth Became the Central Dimension of Inequality: A Development of an Unhelpful Mischaracterisation -- An Unapologetic Emphasis on How Social Class Shapes Young People's Experiences of Employment -- Working During Education -- Classed Aspirations for Work -- Who Gets 'Poor Work'? -- Differences Among Graduates -- The Importance of Family Economic Capital -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 5 Youth, Class and Intersectionality -- Youth, Social Change and Inequalities Beyond Class -- Class, Gender and Youth Sociology -- Race and Class in Youth Sociology -- Intersectionality: Finding the Intersections of Difference -- Bourdieu and Intersectional Studies: Youth, Gender and Class -- Intersectional Studies: Youth, Gender and Class.

This book considers the development of prevention policies and approaches that involve intervention 'early' in the lives of children, young people and their families. It addresses a number of key challenges, arguing that by broadening the research questions and exploring contributions from a wider range of disciplines our understanding of both the pathways into and out of crime and the type of interventions that might work will be greatly enhanced

Persistent concerns about the digital divide are typically framed as a deficit of Internet access, skills or participation. Despite advances remedying first- and second-level divide issues, scholars have found that not all benefit equally from the Internet use resulting in the theorising of a third-level digital divide exploring the social determinants critical to benefit from the Internet use. Presenting analysis for three families from Aotearoa New Zealand, this work highlights the importance of the family in creating children's digital disposition. Applying Bourdieu's Theory of Practice concepts, we illustrate how parent's habitus informs children's responses to the digital world, shaping diverse forms of 'digital capital' which may result in 'capital gains' for some, and less capital benefits for others. Findings suggest that the forms of digital capital that are valued by families are closely tied to class positioning and cultural background.

The growing influence of neo-liberalism in crime policy and practice has resulted in the responsibilization of individuals: criminality and risk tend now to be seen as operating at the individual level, rather than the structural level. Individuals are solely responsible for their actions, not only in starting offending but also in stopping, and are to blame for their own predicament (an epistemological fallacy). Herein, we argue that structural barriers to rehabilitation and reintegration were erected by political decision making from the 1980s. This resulted in criminal justice practitioners increasingly focussing on individual-level factors (cognition, agency, employability) and neglecting the structural causes of offending. We thus propose that the state take a more proactive stance in reducing reoffending and fostering opportunities for reintegration through broader social welfarism, rather than penal policies.

The relevance and continuation of class in late modern society has been at the heart of contemporary debates in youth studies. Beck and others argue that major social changes are impacting individual's relationships with status-based classes. Individuals have been 'disembedded' from traditional communal contexts and re-embedded into new modes in which the ability to create life paths and new identities is achieved through individual reflexivity. How these changes and developments are impacting the class relationships and trajectories of young people is an important area of debate. It has been suggested that while the young see individual solutions and choices as central to their lives, outcomes are still strongly connected to social class. This contradiction has been seen as an 'epistemological fallacy' where a disjuncture between objective and subjective dimensions obscures underlying class relationships. This article draws on data collected from an ESRC research programme on Pathways Into and Out of Crime and the work of Pierre Bourdieu to explore understandings, meanings and relevance of class in young people's lives. This is accomplished primarily by depicting how class is subjectively impacting young people's educational and occupational choices and how it is embedded in their everyday reflexivity.

Research from the Economic and Social Research Council programme on Pathways Into and Out of Crime prioritised young people's 'voices' in exploring experiences of crime and a range of intervention services. Drawing on data from interviews with 110 young people, this paper explores their perspectives of professional assessment. Embedded within neo‐liberal youth welfare policies are a number of contradictions. Policies encourage 'individualisation', 'responsiblisation' and 'self‐realisation' while also needing to maintain control and regulation of 'risky' populations. This paper explores the implication of these contradictions through examining the experiences of young people being assessed in youth justice and education. The impact on their identities as neo‐liberal citizens is discussed in the conclusion.