Suchergebnisse

The individual's perception of transport cost usually does not include the full social cost of transport, as in for instance, its global environmental effects. Under this view, we observe a mismatch between individual perception and general social transport cost and welfare. In order to overcome this paradox, we need to induce a shift from the limited individualistic perspective to a more socio-economic view, whereby ethical judgments play a role in the economic decision-making process. Transport accessibility is here examined as a merit good and we therefore assume the necessity for government intervention in its provision. However, transport accessibility may be achieved through different levels of merit good values, as for instance, rail intervention versus road intervention. Some transport systems achieve greater fairness in accessibility, thus a higher merit good value; this implies that social planners need to discriminate various levels of subsidy and investment in relation to the fairness in transport accessibility.

Preface -- Contents -- Authors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: The Challenge and the Science -- Chapter 1: Enhancing Trade in Sea- and Land-Locked Countries -- 1.1 Objectives -- 1.2 The Current Situation -- 1.3 Possibilities for Development -- References -- Chapter 2: Two Approaches to Modelling Trade -- 2.1 The Multilayer and Agent Based Model (ABM) -- 2.2 The Multilayer Model -- 2.3 The Agent Based Model -- 2.4 Multiplier Attachment -- References -- Chapter 3: The Current Situation and Future Challenges -- 3.1 Core Statistics -- 3.2 Future Challenges -- Reference -- Part II: The South Pacific Island Countries (SPICs) -- Chapter 4: The Multilayer Model for Sea-Locked Countries -- 4.1 Methodology and Study Structure -- 4.2 Multilayer Model: Specifications and Hypotheses -- 4.3 Variables and Multilayer Configuration -- 4.4 Horizontal Network Model -- 4.5 Vertical Network Model -- 4.6 Concluding Comments -- Appendix: The Dijkstra Algorithm -- References -- Chapter 5: Port Attractiveness -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.3 Results -- 5.4 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 6: Scenario Analysis of Shipping Networks: Consolidation -- 6.1 Introduction: Towards Consolidation of Cargo and Reduced Transport Costs -- 6.2 Scenario 1: Existing Conditions Network -- 6.3 Scenario 2: Fully Connected Network -- 6.4 Scenario 3: Multiplier Attachment Network -- 6.5 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7: Trade Coordination Agreements -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Scenario 1: Existing Conditions Network with Bilateral Agreement -- 7.3 Scenario 2: Fully Connected Network with Bilateral Agreement -- 7.4 Scenario 3: Multiplier Attachment Network with Free Trade Agreement -- 7.5 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 8: Synthesis: The Integrated Multilayer Model