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This is a conference paper. ; The challenge of funding the SDG's has led to considerable interest in 'innovative financing'. This paper reports on an analysis of sector lending, capital expenditure, and resulting, consumer paid, interest rates, during the rapid expansion of water and sewerage services in England and Wales over a 150 year period. Government minimised the cost to consumers by establishing a Public Works Loans Board (PWLB) which on-lent national borrowing to local municipal service providers at the lowest possible interest rate so as to accelerate access to improved services. With the cost of achieving basic WASH services for all now estimated at $28.4bn per year (Hutton & Varughese, 2016) and tariffs and taxes being insufficient to meet the needs, repayable finance becomes critical to achieve the desired SDG benefits. PWLB long-term average 'real' interest rates of 1.95% (5% nominal) made a significant difference to affordability in Britain as compared to some present 'innovative financing' reports of 15- 20% per year nominal interest costs.

The goal of ensuring good enough water and sanitation, particularly for the urban poor in lower-income countries, is considered in relation to the initial wave of public private partnerships and the development of the GATS. Some benefits of private sector involvement are discussed whilst recognizing that, for many, international private sector involvement was an unwelcome and invalid attempt at a development short-cut. With no commitments of the water sector to the GATS, economic regulation, left behind from the privatization wave, is seen as an important driver for institutional development to ensure service to all, but only in the context of significantly enhanced 'capacity building' which facilitates the delivery of a 'societally-owned' customer oriented water service.

'This excellent book makes a major contribution to the literature on regulation in a pro-poor direction for urban water supply. It is extremely relevant for policy-makers striving to achieve the Millennium Development Goal for halving the share of world's population without access to clean and affordable water.'Andrew Nickson, University of Birmingham, UKThe aim of this book is to present the potential benefits as well as the challenges of introducing a more formal economic regulatory process into the urban water sector arena in lower-income countries. There is a particular focus upon the impa

This is a conference paper. ; This paper reports on the outcomes from the 'Community Water Plus' (2013-2016) project that was designed to give donors, IFIs and low-income country governments the evidence base to determine and justify the ongoing resources needed to support community rural water services. The research demonstrated that significant recurrent financing from government and other sources subsidised the costs of services in successful community management programmes in India. The Gram Panchayat, the local-self government institution, also provided on-going support and carried out everyday operation, maintenance and administrative functions. The implications of the Indian experience are that successful rural water service delivery requires such significant on-going support, including funding and the delivery of key functions, that it is better to conceive of it as a form of coproduction between state and citizens, rather than community management, and governments should allocate resources accordingly.

AbstractThe failure of many developing countries water utilities to provide adequate services to low‐income urban populations stands in marked contrast with calls for universal access to water services, often based on a concept of human rights. Much of the parallel, regulation oriented, 'universal service obligation' rhetoric not only ignores the origins and continuing evolution of the term but equally fails to consider the practical realities of achieving universality of networked urban water supply, particularly in the slums. This paper proposes a 'universal water service dynamic' which allows service obligations to evolve transparently and progressively in line with different consumer groups' preparedness to pay, relative to their perception of the benefits. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractThere is an urgent need to improve the delivery of water and environmental sanitation services to the urban poor in low and middle‐income countries to protect health and to promote sustainable livelihoods. Conventional support to public providers through loans for capital investment linked to capacity building has not achieved the desired results. There is a growing awareness of the need for institutional reform to overcome the all too common failures if service to the poor is to reach an acceptable level.The urban poor in Asia typically represent one quarter to one half of a fast growing urban area's population often dwelling in unplanned areas without any security of tenure. A study was undertaken in ten Asian countries to investigate the roles of and interaction between the public sector, private entities and civil society in serving the urban poor with water supply, sanitation and solid waste management. Case studies, including focus group discussions with low‐income slum residents, were undertaken by country‐based researchers distributed over a spectrum of service type, country population, city size and institutional/contract type to investigate the benefits of infrastructure partnerships.Analysis of the 20 studies confirmed the limited ability of existing public entities to reach the poor. The essential need for some level of service provision was being met by a mixture of poor quality self‐provision, by informal private entities often at high, unregulated prices, or by innovative civil society involvement experiencing difficulties in scaling‐up. A number of the new public private approaches were found to be successfully reforming the direct public providers; however these were usually serving poor people only by default through the general improvement in performance. A very limited number of public private community partnerships with international operators were found to be dramatically improving service to some of the poor, with better quality at lower price, but often with long‐term uncertainty over contractual stability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This is a conference paper. ; Urban water utilities often fail to provide adequate water supply services to low-income urban communities for various reasons: a poor infrastructure, a difficult topography, utility perceptions that low income communities are financially unreliable and transient, and/ or lack of the will. As a result, up to 31% and 57% of the urban population in Africa, and Asia, respectively are not served by piped water supply (WHO/UNICEF, 2000). In order to improve service provision to the urban poor drastically, there must be institutional and technological innovations. Institutional innovations can occur at three levels: within the community; at the interface between the community and the utility; and in the national government policies and strategies. This is a case study on provision of water services to low-income communities of Durban, South Africa where a combination of technological innovation and incentives from the central government have greatly improved service coverage to the urban poor.

This study explores the potential of prepaid meters for serving urban poor communities. It provides urban utilities, oversight agencies, and other stakeholders in Africa with a basis for decision-making on the suitability, introduction, and management of such meters. The need for the assessment emerged from prepaid meters increasingly being utilized by water and sanitation utilities in developing countries, including World Bank clients. The technologies adopted have expanded over this period, but there has been a lack of consolidated data and analysis that capture the service delivery, operational efficiency, and access to services aspects of such systems across utilities and regions systematically. The review initially aimed to research experiences in six African countries from the perspective of their communities, as well as from water sector bodies, governments, and other investors. The number of case studies was increased to eight with the addition of Windhoek in Namibia and Nakuru in Kenya, as it became apparent that they may offer additional lessons. Windhoek, for example, is one of the prepaid water pioneers in Africa. The study specifically canvased the perspectives of customers, including market research and opinion surveys on people s experience and views of prepaid water in practice. Women and children were well represented in many of these groups. The analysis aimed to be robustly investigative, deliberately not advocating for prepaid systems in principle, or making firm recommendations, but rather offering balanced analysis and assessment, and considerations to inform policymakers and sector leaders, as well as other stakeholders who may face decisions or challenges on such systems. One of the key conceptual bases that the analysis identified was the need to differentiate between prepaid applications of prepaid system for standpipes, individual connections, and institutional and commercial customers each of which have different implications for their users, as well as for cost effectiveness. Utilities must be able to justify the investment in a prepayment system and its opportunity costs specific to the application they choose, and relative to alternative means of improving services.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Figures and tables -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Research purpose and background -- Part I Community management: background, review and challenges -- 2 Community management and community management plus: the background -- 3 A systematic review of success factors in the community management of rural water supplies over the past 30 years -- 4 Revisiting the history, concepts and typologies of community management for rural drinking water supply in India -- 5 Case study research methodology -- Part II Community management case studies of success from India -- 6 Community management in the 'neo-patrimonial', low-income states -- 7 Community management in the 'social-democratic', middle-income states -- 8 Community management in the 'developmental', high-income states -- 9 Community management in the mountains and hilly regions of India -- Part III Synthesis of successful community management arrangements in India -- 10 Organisational arrangements for successful community management -- 11 The cost of good services -- 12 Monitoring and regulation of community management -- 13 Aspects of gender in community management -- 14 Discussion and conclusions about community management in India and beyond -- Appendix: overview of case studies and analytical tables -- References -- Index